GAT-B & BET

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

• PART-B SYLLABUS

  128 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Biomolecules-structure and functions
  • Biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes
  • Enzymes- classification, kinetics and mechanism of action
  • Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain

इस विषय के 128 टॉपिक में से 4 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 128 टॉपिक देखें →

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

• Biomolecular structure and function

  21 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Covalent structure of Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids
  • Forces that stabilize biomolecules: electrostatic and van der Waal’s interaction, hydrogen bonding
  • Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect
  • Protein Structure: Structural characteristics of α-helix, β-sheet and β-turn

• Methods in Biotechnology

  25 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements
  • Concept of signal to noise ratio
  • Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency
  • Fundamental ideas of probability and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions

• Organization of structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Cell wall and Cell Membrane: physical structure of model membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, other constituents
  • diffusion, osmosis, active transport, regulation of intracellular transport and electrical properties
  • Structural organization and functions of cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Chloroplast, peroxisomes, vacuoles
  • Cytoskeletons structure and motility function

• Cellular processes

  18 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination)
  • Transcription of various types of RNAs and their processing and modifications
  • Transcription factors and machinery including RNA polymerases, formation of initiation complex, elongation and termination of transcription
  • Regulation of transcription: activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions

• Recombinant DNA Technology

  14 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology
  • Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA
  • Various methods of separation, characterization of nucleic acids including Southern and Northern hybridizations
  • Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems

• Genetics, Phylogeny & Evolution

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Chromosomal inheritance: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, linkage and cross-over, sex-linked inheritance, Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  • Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal inheritance (mitochondria and chloroplast)
  • Gene concept: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoalleles
  • Genetic analysis: Linkage maps, mapping with molecular markers, tetrad analysis, gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, transduction, sex-duction, fine structure analysis of gene

• Genomics and Proteomics

  39 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Introduction to Genomics: Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes - nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes
  • Computational analysis of sequences- finding genes and regulatory regions
  • Gene annotation
  • Similarity searches

• IPR, Biosafety & Bioethics

  53 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of New GMOs
  • International framework for the protection of IP
  • IP as a factor in R&D
  • IPs of relevance to Biotechnology and few Case Studies

इस विषय के 186 टॉपिक में से 32 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 186 टॉपिक देखें →

• Plant Biology, physiology, molecular biology and seed technology

  40 टॉपिक

  • Plant cell structure and function, phloem transport, plant storage proteins and protein biosynthesis, natural pesticides
  • Concept of plasticity in plant development
  • Analyzing plant growth
  • Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
  • Tropisms
  • Hormonal control of seed germination and seedling growth
  • Floral Induction and Development
  • Photoperiodism and its significance
  • Vernalization and hormonal control
  • Inflorescence and floral determination
  • Molecular genetics of floral development and floral organ differentiation
  • Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes
  • mechanisms of electron transport
  • C3, C4 and CAM pathways
  • Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle
  • plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis
  • alternate oxidase
  • photorespiratory pathway, Carbon Assimilation
  • Nitrogen Fixation and regulation, Role of lectins
  • Nod factors
  • nif genes
  • Nitrogenases
  • Leghaemoglobin, Nodulins
  • Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation
  • amino acid biosynthesis
  • Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
  • Hormonal and environmental control of senescence
  • PCD in the life cycle of plants
  • Biosynthesis and structure and molecular mechanisms of plant hormones
  • Signal Transduction – Basic concepts
  • Phospholipid and Ca2+-calmodulin cascade
  • MAP kinase cascade
  • Light Control of Plant Development: Molecular mechanisms of light perception, signal transduction and gene regulation
  • Biological clocks
  • Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins
  • stomatal movement
  • Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil
  • Plant microbe interaction: Molecular biology of Agrobacterium Infection, Molecular biology of Rhizobium infection (molecular mechanisms in symbiosis)
  • Arabidopsis in molecular biology, Forward and Reverse Genetic Approaches, RNA interference, Transcriptional gene silencing, Gene traps/ T-DNA and transposable element insertion / activation lines
  • Seed science and technology: seed processing, seed treatments, Seed storage, Seed sanitation and certification

• Tissue Culture, Transgenic Technologies and Biotechnology

  45 टॉपिक

  • Totipotency
  • Tissue culture media
  • Plant hormones and morphogenesis
  • embryogenesis
  • Cell suspension culture
  • Micropropagation – shoot tip culture, somatic embryos, artificial seeds
  • Applications of tissue culture
  • shoot tip culture
  • Wide hybridization, Anther culture and dihaploids
  • Production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites
  • Protoplast isolation and purification
  • Protoplast culture
  • Protoplast fusion
  • Somatic hybrids
  • Cybrids
  • Direct transformation of protoplasts using PEG
  • electroporation
  • Transformation by particle bombardment
  • Chloroplast transformation
  • Ti plasmid-based transformation
  • Ti and Ri plasmids, T-DNA genes, borders, Ti plasmid virulence genes and their functions, Monocot transformation, binary vector
  • Floral dip transformation
  • Targeted gene delivery and methods of detection
  • Promoters, Plant selectable markers
  • Reporter genes
  • Selectable marker elimination
  • Transgene silencing and strategies to avoid transgene silencing
  • Genetic engineering of crops
  • Codon optimization in the expression of genes in plants, Commercial status of transgenic plants
  • Herbicide resistance, glyphosate, sulfonyl urea, phosphinothricin, atrazine
  • Pest resistance, Bt toxin
  • Protease inhibitor
  • GNA and other lectins
  • a-amylase inhibitor
  • nematode resistance
  • Genetic engineering for male sterility-Barnase-Barstar
  • Delay of fruit ripening
  • polygalacturanase, ACC synthase, ACC oxidase
  • Improved seed storage proteins
  • Improving and altering the composition of starch and plant oils
  • Golden rice for ß-carotene accumulation
  • Production of antibodies and pharmaceuticals in plants
  • Biofuels, Bacillus thuringiensis: molecular basis of insecticidal activity
  • Agriculturally important microorganisms and their application
  • Environmental pollution, Bioremediation, Biodiversity and conservation

• Molecular Breeding and Genomics

  15 टॉपिक

  • Principles of plant breeding, breeding for self and cross pollinated crops
  • Heterosis breeding limitations of conventional breeding
  • Molecular markers: Restriction based and PCR based
  • DNA profiling using different assays- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, SNP etc. Development of SCAR and SSR markers
  • Gene flow in plants: Development of mapping population - Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), screening and validation
  • Trait related markers and characterization of genes involved
  • Mapping genes on specific chromosomes
  • QTL mapping
  • Gene pyramiding
  • Development of ESTs
  • Molecular markers for plant genotyping and germplasm analysis
  • Fidelity analysis
  • settling IPR issues
  • Marker Assisted Breeding for various traits, Foreground and background selection, gene introgression and pyramiding, Non-gel based techniques for plant genotyping
  • Genome organization, Structural and Functional genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Nutrigenomics, interactomics, Metagenomics

• Abiotic and Biotic Stress Biology

  5 टॉपिक

  • Abiotic stress: Acclimation and crop adaptation to water, salinity, photo oxidative, heavy metal, heat and cold, nutrient stress
  • Metabolite engineering for abiotic stress tolerance, Functional genomics of stress tolerance
  • Induced systemic tolerance
  • Biotic stress: Plant response to pathogens and herbivores, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance , toxins of fungi and bacteria, systemic and induced resistance, pathogen derived resistance, signaling - gene for gene hypothesis, genetic engineering for biotic stress resistance, gene pyramiding
  • Induced systemic resistance, systemic acquired resistance

• Biodiversity

  12 टॉपिक

  • Biodiversity Act 2002
  • Agricultural biodiversity
  • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA)
  • Conservation strategies for seed gene bank
  • Climate change and conservation of plant genetic resources
  • Global efforts for management of crop genetic resources
  • Strategies on PVFR and Biodiversity Acts
  • Biodiversity Legislation in India
  • Indian Biodiversity Act and provisions on crop genetic resources
  • Impact of GE crops on Biodiversity
  • Functions of International union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV)
  • International treaties relating to Biodiversity

इस विषय के सभी 117 टॉपिक दिखाए गए हैं।कम टॉपिक दिखाएँ

• Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

  4 टॉपिक

  • Hormone cell interactions, endocrine control of development of various organs
  • Properties of different body fluids, metabolism and homeostasis
  • Role of enzymes in metabolic regulation, activation, inhibition and covalent modification
  • Specificity of enzyme actions

• Histology and Embryology

  4 टॉपिक

  • Systematic histology including microscopic structures of organs of different systems of domestic animals
  • Reproductive system of males and females
  • Embryo culture and transfer technology, somatic cell nuclear transfer, embryonic stem cells, transgenic animal production
  • Induction and synchronization of estrus, superovulation, oocyte collection and grading

• Animal Parasitology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Host parasite interactions, transmission of parasites, parasite specificity, tissue reaction, protozoa and their development
  • Parasitic infections of domestic animals

• Animal Virology

  3 टॉपिक

  • DNA and RNA viruses causing diseases in livestock and poultry
  • Immunity to viral infections
  • Development of laboratory animal models of virus infections

• Immunology

  3 टॉपिक

  • Immunity to bacterial and viral infections of animals
  • Cells of immune system, clinical and transplantation immunology, tumor immunology and immunodeficiency
  • Nude and SCID mice biology and immunosuppression

• Pathology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Cellular pathology, cell necrosis and apoptosis
  • Pathogenesis and microscopic pathology of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of domestic animals and poultry

• Animal Genetics

  4 टॉपिक

  • Animal breeding, out breeding and inbreeding, open nucleus breeding systems
  • Conservation of germplasm, breeding of laboratory animals, genetic health monitoring
  • Concept of production of specific pathogen free (SPF) and germ free laboratory animals
  • Development of various chimeras

• Molecular Medicine and Surgery

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Anesthesia and anesthetic drugs
  • Management of shock, hemorrhage, principles of fluid therapy
  • Surgical techniques in laboratory animals
  • Imaging, contrast radiography, biological effects of radiation, radiation hazards and their prevention

• Molecular Diagnostics

  2 टॉपिक

  • Concept of molecular diagnosis of pathogens, detection of animal pathogen in environmental systems and in animal feeds
  • Molecular diagnostics for detection of tumor

• Research Methodologies

  3 टॉपिक

  • Biochemical and immunological techniques
  • Application of radioactive isotopes in biological research
  • Cell culture technology, specialized culture techniques such as 3-D cultures, cell senescence, cell differentiation, transdifferentiation, culture of fastidious cells, cancer stem cells, cell cloning and selection, cell culture technology in production of animal viral vaccines and pharmaceutical proteins

इस विषय के 32 टॉपिक में से 31 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 32 टॉपिक देखें →

• Introductory Mathematics

  1 टॉपिक

  • Calculus review, Ordinary differential equations, Second and higher order differential equations, Linear algebra, Numerical methods

• Engineering Principles

  1 टॉपिक

  • Material and energy balance, Steady state energy and material balance, Properties of substances, Introduction to transport phenomena, momentum transfer, heat and mass transfer, Introduction to mass transfer equipments

• Thermodynamics in Biological Systems

  2 टॉपिक

  • First and second law of thermodynamics, Biological systems as open non-equilibrium systems, Failure of classical thermodynamics in describing biological processes, Concepts of thermodynamics flux and force, Concept of entropy production, Constitutive equations, Thermodynamics of coupled biochemical reactions, Thermodynamic analysis of oxidative phosphorylation, Glycolytic oscillations
  • biological clocks

• Bioprocess Engineering and Technology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Principles of microbial growth and factors affecting growth, Growth kinetics and substrate utilization in batch, fed-batch and continuous systems, Introduction to bioreactors: batch and fed-batch, plug flow, continuous, enzyme reactors, Sterilization, Mass transfer of oxygen, aeration and agitation, fluid rheology, Fermentation technology (Description of industrial processes: antibiotics, organic acids, alcohol, bioplastics, vitamins, enzymes
  • biotransformation of steroids, Basics of neutrigenomics – food-gene interactions, Process flow sheet and process economics

• Downstream Processing in Biotechnology

  1 टॉपिक

  • Biomass removal and disruption, Precipitation by salts, solvents, Membrane based purification, Adsorption and chromatography, Extraction (solvent, aqueous two-phase, super critical), Drying

• Bioprocess Plant Design

  3 टॉपिक

  • General design information, Material and energy balance, Process flow sheet, Scale up and scale down issues, Scale up and downstream processes
  • Selection and specifications of bioprocess equipments, Facility design aspects
  • Utilities, Process economics

• Major Bioinformatics Resources

  1 टॉपिक

  • Sequence databases, Gene Expression database: GEO, SAGE, 3D Structure Database: PDB, NDB, Knowledge driven Databases & utility, Pattern Sequence: InterPro, Prosite, Pfam, ProDom, Gene Ontology

• Database Searches

  1 टॉपिक

  • Keyword-based searches using tools like ENTREZ and SRS Sequence-based searches: BLAST and FASTA

• Sequence Analysis, Basic concepts

  1 टॉपिक

  • Sequence similarity, identity and similarity, definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues, Tandem and Interspersed repeats, repeat finding

• Scoring Matrix, Pairwise sequence alignments, Multiple sequence alignments (MSA), Application in Taxonomy and phylogeny, Comparative genomics

  0 टॉपिक

• Structural Biology

  2 टॉपिक

  • 3-D structure visualization and simulation, Basic concepts in molecular modeling: different types of computer representations of molecules
  • External coordinates and Internal Coordinates, Molecular Mechanics, Force fields etc

• Proteins

  1 टॉपिक

  • Secondary structure elucidation using Peptide bond, phi, psi and chi torsion angles, Ramachandran map, anatomy of proteins – Hierarchical organization of protein structure –like CATH,SCOP, FSSP

• DNA & RNA secondary and tertiary structures, t-RNA tertiary structure

  0 टॉपिक

• Classification and comparison of protein 3D structures

  3 टॉपिक

  • Secondary structure prediction: Algorithms viz. Chou Fasman, GOR methods, Tertiary Structure prediction: Fundamentals of the methods for 3D structure prediction (sequence similarity/identity of target proteins of known structure, fundamental principles of protein folding etc.) Homology/comparative Modeling, fold recognition, threading approaches, and ab initio structure prediction methods
  • CASP
  • Computational design of Promoters, Proteins & Enzymes

• Application in drug design

  4 टॉपिक

  • Chemical databases like NCI /PUBCHEM
  • Fundamentals of Receptor-ligand interactions
  • Structure-based drug design: Identification and Analysis of Binding sites and virtual screening
  • Ligand based drug design: Structure Activity Relationship – QSARs & Pharmacophore etc. In silico predictions of drug activity and ADMET

• Basic Ecological Concepts and Principles

  2 टॉपिक

  • Ecosystem: types, development and evolution
  • Homeostasis, energy transfer in ecosystem, Energy budget, trophic structure, food chain, food web, ecological efficiency, biogeochemical cycles

• Chemistry of organic and inorganic chemicals polluting Environment (air, water and soil)

  0 टॉपिक

• Environmental Pollution

  2 टॉपिक

  • Types, Detection and Measurement of Pollutants
  • Environmental monitoring techniques

• Water Pollution

  1 टॉपिक

  • sources, measurement and management

• Waste Water Treatment systems

  2 टॉपिक

  • primary, secondary and tertiary treatments
  • Biological Treatment Processes, Biochemistry and Microbiology of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment, Bioreactors for waste water treatment,,Disinfection and Disposal

• Treatment of Typical Industrial Effluents

  1 टॉपिक

  • Dairy, Distillery, Sugar, and Antibiotic Industries

• Management of municipal, biomedical and agricultural solid waste

  0 टॉपिक

• Environmental Pollution control

  1 टॉपिक

  • concepts of bioaugmentation, biostimulation, biodegradation, biosorption, biofilms in the bioremediation of xenobiotics, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals, evolution of biodegradative pathways

• Environment friendly technologies

  2 टॉपिक

  • Biosurfactants, biofertilizers,biopesticides, microbially enhanced oil recovery, resource management, integrated waste management
  • production of biomass, biogas and biofuel from waste

• Pollution monitoring

  2 टॉपिक

  • chemical, biological and molecular methods
  • Environmental impact assessment, Biodiversity and its conservation, GMOs and Biosafety

• Global environmental problems

  1 टॉपिक

  • Ozone depletion, UV-B and green house gases

• Important marine organisms and their behavior

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Introduction to marine environment
  • Marine flora - phytoplankton, seaweeds, sea grasses and mangroves - their characteristics and identification
  • Marine fauna–zooplankton
  • Major marine invertebrates (crustaceans & molluscs)

• Marine resources assessment

  2 टॉपिक

  • Methods of surveying the living resources (Acoustic, Aerial and Remote sensing)
  • Principal methods of exploitation (Indigenous and modern crafts & gears)

• Population study and marine environment protection

  10 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Population dynamics - Principles of population dynamics
  • Unit stocks
  • Age & size composition of the population
  • Abundance and density

• Oceanography

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Physical
  • Temperature, salinity and density – horizontal, vertical and temporal variations
  • waves, tides and currents, upwelling
  • Chemical

• Types of marine microbes and their biology

  3 टॉपिक

  • Structure of Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses
  • Classification of microbes (Genetic level) –conventional and modern methods
  • Biology of microorganisms used in genetic engineering (Escherichia coil, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phage lambda)

• Microbial Assessment

  4 टॉपिक

  • Methods of studying the marine microorganisms - Methods of collection, enumeration (total and viable counts), Isolation, culture & identification based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics
  • Preservation of marine microbes
  • Culture Collection Centres (ATCC, IMTECH, NCCS-MCC etc.)
  • Microbial nutrition - influence of environment factors on microbial growth, activity and distribution

• Role of microbes in marine environment

  4 टॉपिक

  • Microbial nitrogen fixation
  • Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycle
  • Decomposition of organic matter
  • Bioleaching and biodeteroriation of natural and synthetic materials

• Microbial metabolites

  2 टॉपिक

  • Microbes of biotechnological importance
  • Primary and secondary metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics, organic acid, toxins etc.)

• Microbial interaction

  3 टॉपिक

  • Seafood microbiology - normal genera associated with fish, food spoilage, fish & human pathogens
  • Indicator of pollution - faecal coliforms
  • prevention & control

• Culture systems and hatchery techniques

  10 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Importance of coastal aquaculture
  • Aquafarms: design and construction
  • Criteria for selecting cultivable species
  • Culture systems and management practices – extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture practices

• Introduction to marine pharmacology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Terms and definitions
  • Medicinal compounds from marine flora and fauna - marine toxins, antiviral and antimicrobial agents

• Manipulation and microbial techniques

  9 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Chromosome manipulation in aquaculture – hybridization
  • Ploidy induction
  • Gynogenesis, Androgenesis and sex reversal in commercially important fishes
  • Application of microbial biotechnology in culture ponds

• Disease diagnosis

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Tools for disease diagnosis in cultivable organisms
  • Enzyme immunoassays
  • Dot immunobinding assay
  • Western blotting

• Marine organisms and environment interaction

  3 टॉपिक

  • Types of marine environment - Physical, Chemical and Biological aspects and their interaction with marine life
  • Air – Sea interaction
  • Green house gases (CO2 and Methane)

• Pollution & Biomaterial interaction

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Marine pollution-major pollutants (heavy metal, pesticide, oil, thermal, radioactive, plastics, litter and microbial)
  • Biological indicators (Marine microbes, algae and crustaceans) and accumulators: Application of protein biomarkers
  • Biosensors and biochips
  • Biodegradation and Bioremediation

• Fouling and corrosion

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Biofouling
  • Biofilm formation
  • Marine fouling and boring organisms - their biology, adaptation
  • Factors influencing the settlement of macrofoulers

• Wastewater bio-treatment

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • BOD, COD
  • Biosensors
  • Biomolecules
  • membrane and transducer

इस विषय के 90 टॉपिक में से 59 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 90 टॉपिक देखें →

• Vaccinology

  9 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Active and passive immunization
  • Live, killed, attenuated, sub unit vaccines
  • Vaccine technology- Role and properties of adjuvants, recombinant DNA and protein based vaccines, plant-based vaccines, reverse vaccinology
  • Peptide vaccines, conjugate vaccines

• Immunotechnology

  12 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Kinetics of immune response, memory
  • Principles of Immunization
  • Techniques for analysis of Immune response
  • Immunochemistry of Antigens - Immunogenicity, Antigenicity, haptens, Toxins-Toxiods, Hapten carrier system

• CMI and Imaging techniques

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • CD nomenclature, Identification of immune Cells
  • Principle of Immunofluoresence Microscopy, Flurochromes
  • Staining techniques for live cell imaging and fixed cells
  • Flow cytometry, Instrumentation, Applications

• Genetics in Medical Practice

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Genetic Principles and their application in medical practice
  • Case studies (Interacting with patients, learning family history and drawing pedigree chart)
  • Syndromes and disorders: Definition and their genetic basis
  • Molecular pathology of monogenic diseases: Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sach’s Syndrome & Marfan Syndrome

• Genetics of Neurogenetic disorders

  2 टॉपिक

  • Charcot-Marie tooth syndrome, Spino-muscular atrophy, Alzheimer’s disease & Syndromes due to triplet nucleotide expansion, Genetic basis of muscle disorders: Dystrophies (Duchenne Muscular dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy), Myotonians & Myopathies
  • Genetic disorders of Haemopoitic systems: Overview of hematopoisis, Blood cell types and haemoglobin, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemias & Hemophilias

• Genetic basis of eye disorders

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Colour Blindness, Retinitis pigmentose, Glaucoma & Cataracts
  • Genetics of skeleton & skin disorders
  • Genetics of Syndromes & Genomic Imprinting
  • Neurofibromatosis I, Prader-Willi & Angleman syndromes, Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome

• Complex polygenic syndromes

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes mellitus
  • Mitochondrial syndromes
  • Management of genetic disorder

• Components of genetic counseling

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Physical examination (General and dysmorphology examination, Documentation), Legal and ethical considerations
  • Patterns of inheritance, risk assessment and counseling in common Mendelian and multifactor syndromes
  • Genetics testing : biochemical & molecular tests: in children, Presymptomatic testing for late onset diseases (predictive medicine)

• Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

  10 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Amoebiasis
  • Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis
  • Intestinal infection by nematodes

• Infections of the Respiratory system

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Streptococcal infections
  • Viral infections
  • Diphtheria

• Pyrexial Illness

  9 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Malaria
  • Kala-azar
  • Leishmaniasis

• Infections of the Nervous System

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Viral encephalitis and Aseptic meningitis
  • Rabies
  • Cysticercosis and other CNS parasitic infections

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Congenital Infections

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Herpes Simplex virus infections
  • HIV infection and AIDS
  • Chlamydial infection

• Host pathogen interactions in disease process

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Protective immune response in Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic diseases
  • Cancer
  • Inappropriate Immune response

• DNA based diagnosis

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Biochemical disorders
  • Immune, Genetic and Neurological disorders
  • Molecular techniques for analysis of these disorders

• Antibody based diagnosis

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic reagents
  • Production of monoclonal antibodies with potential for diagnosis
  • Diagnosis of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases by using

• Proteomics based diagnosis

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Protein profiling for disease diagnosis
  • 2D analysis of isolated proteins associated with disease by sequencing individual spots by Mass Spectrometry
  • Protein Micro array

• Gene therapy

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Intracellular barriers to gene delivery
  • Overview of inherited and acquired diseases for gene therapy
  • Retro- and adeno- virus mediated gene transfer

• Cellular therapy

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Stem cells: definition, properties and potency of stem cells
  • Sources: embryonic and adult stem cells
  • Concept of tissue engineering

• Recombinant therapy

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Clinical applications of recombinant technology
  • Erythropoietin
  • Insulin analogs and its role in diabetes

• Immunotherapy

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Monoclonal antibodies and their role in cancer
  • Role of recombinant interferons
  • Immunostimulants

• Gene silencing technology

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Antisense therapy
  • siRNA
  • Tissue and organ transplantation

• Human disease genes

  14 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • DNA polymorphism including those involved in disease
  • Hemoglobin and anemia
  • Phenylketonuria (monogenic) and diabetes (multigenic) genetic disorders

इस विषय के 162 टॉपिक में से 73 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 162 टॉपिक देखें →

• Cell Biology and Cytogenetics

  3 टॉपिक

  • Tissue culture techniques: Composition of media, cultures for prenatal, and postnatal cytogenetic diagnosis
  • Chromosomal analysis: Chromosome preparation and chromosome banding techniques, International system for human chromosome nomenclature
  • Mechanisms of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations, chromosomal and non-chromosomal basis of sex determination

• Principles of Genetics

  14 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Mendelism and its extensions: Law of segregation, Law of independent assortment, Chromosomal basis of segregation and independent assortment, Linkage, Crossing over and recombination, Multiple allelism, Pleiotropy, Cytoplasmic inheritance
  • Pedigree analysis, patterns of transmission of characters
  • Genetic mapping of Mendelian traits: Identifying recombinants and nonrecombinants in pedigrees, Genetic and physical map distances, Genetic markers, Two-point mapping-LOD score analysis, Multipoint mapping, Homozygosity mapping

• Common genetic disorders

  1 टॉपिक

  • Chromosomal and molecular basis, minimal critical chromosomal regions and genes, and clinical features of the following syndromes: Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Phenylketonuria, Alzheimer’s disease, Duchanne muscular disorder, Sickle cell anemia, Diabetes mellitus

• Human Genome

  3 टॉपिक

  • The Genome project: History, organization and goals of human genome project, Mapping strategies, current status of various maps, DNA segment nomenclature, Human genome diversity, human genome databases
  • Organization of human genome: Mitochondrial genome, Gross base composition of nuclear genome, Gene density
  • CpG islands, RNA-encoding genes, Functionally identical/similar genes, Diversity in size and organization of genes, Annotation Gene families: Multigene families – Classical gene families, families with large conserved domains, families with small conserved domains, Gene superfamilies, Gene families in clusters, Pseudogenes, Repetitive DNA and transposable elements, Origin of gene families Functional genomics: Transcriptome and its analysis, Proteome and Proteomics, Gene silencing Implications of human genome on research and society

इस विषय के 21 टॉपिक में से 10 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 21 टॉपिक देखें →

• Neurons

  1 टॉपिक

  • Ultrastructure, myelination and synapses

• Glial cells

  1 टॉपिक

  • Structure and function of glial cells: astrocytes – type I & II astrocytes, fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes, Importance of astrocytes in glutamate metabolism and blood brain barrier, Functions of other glial cells: oligodendrocyte and microglial cells, Microglial phenotypes, Overview of glial and neuronal relationship in the CNS, Glial –neuronal interplay in the CNS

• Neurophysiology and Behavior

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Tools in electrophysiological studies of the brain in animals
  • animal activity monitoring
  • Different types of mazes and their application in studies on behavior, learning and memory and cognitive aspects of animals

• Major events in early embryonic development

  3 टॉपिक

  • Embryonic origin of nervous system, early neural morphogenesis in vertebrates and invertebrates, Neural Induction: Molecular nature of the Neural inducer, Conservation of neural induction
  • Dorsal neural tube and neural crest
  • Neural crest cells and its derivatives

• Patterning, polarity and regionalization of the nervous system

  1 टॉपिक

  • Fate mapping of cell determination, differentiation of nerve cells and cell lineage, acquisition of neurotransmitter property and electrical excitability

• Birth and migration of neurons, Control of neuronal and glial cell population

  2 टॉपिक

  • Histogenesis of cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex
  • Adult neurogenesis

• Neuronal death during development

  1 टॉपिक

  • Target dependent and innervation dependent neuronal death

• Neurotrophic factors

  3 टॉपिक

  • Nerve growth factor (NGF)
  • Axon growth, path finding and nerve patterns: Growth Cone, Axonal navigation and axon elongation, Synapse formation and elimination: Selective synaptic connections: Skeletal muscle, autonomic ganglia, spinal cord and CNS
  • Denervation and regeneration of synaptic connections

• Electrical properties of excitable membranes

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Basic electricity and electric circuits, neurons as conductors of electricity, equivalent circuit representation
  • Electrical properties of excitable membranes: Membrane conductance, linear and nonlinear membrane, ionic conductance, current-voltage relations
  • Ion movement in excitable cells: Physical laws, Nernst-Planck Equation, active transport of ions, movement of ions across biological membranes

• Electrical properties of neurons, quantitative models of simulations, Hodgkin & Huxley's analysis of squid giant axon

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Voltage-clamp experiments
  • Voltage gated channels
  • Biophysical, biochemical and molecular properties of voltage gated channels

• Synaptic transmission and cellular signaling

  1 टॉपिक

  • Synthesis, action and distribution of acetylcholine, catecholamine, dopamine, serotonin, and neuropeptide neurotransmitters

• Sensation and perception

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Receptors, Structure, function & connections of sensory cortex
  • Sensory Transduction: Phototransduction, olfactory transduction, taste, mechanoreception
  • Somatic sensation: Peripheral and central mechanisms Touch: somatic sensory system, mechanoreceptors and other receptors, representation of body surfaces in the brain

• Fundamentals of Motor Systems

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Spinal cord as central pattern generator
  • Posture and voluntary movement, Basal nuclei and cerebellum
  • Focusing and coordinating movement

• Chemical Control of Brain and Behavior

  1 टॉपिक

  • Role of hypothalamus, pituitary hormones and ANS

• Neural Control of the Breathing

  1 टॉपिक

  • Breathing & gas exchange, CNS & Breathing, Respiratory Rhythm Generation, Sensory Inputs and Altered Breathing, Modulation of Respiratory Motor Out-put, Suprapontine Structures and Breathing, Respiratory neurons and their discharge pattern

• Neural Control of Heart, Cardiovascular Homeostasis

  1 टॉपिक

  • The Nervous System and the Long-term control of the Cardiovascular System

• Sleep and Dreaming

  3 टॉपिक

  • The two states of sleep- slow wave and rapid eye movement
  • Circadian Timing: Pineal and Circadian Rhythms, The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Light as the Dominant Stimulus
  • Sex and behavior: Neuronal basis of sexual behaviour, Sex Hormones and Brain

• Cognitive development and aging

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Neuronal basis of object recognition
  • Spatial cognition
  • Neural system of spatial cognition: Parietal cortex, Frontal cortex, Hippocampus and adjacent cortex

• Clinical neurochemistry and neuropathology

  15 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Molecular, genetic aspects and diagnostic characteristics
  • Neurochemical and molecular mechanisms of peripheral Neuropathy
  • Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinated disorders

इस विषय के 72 टॉपिक में से 40 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 72 टॉपिक देखें →

• Drug metabolism

  11 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Biotransformation of drugs
  • microsomal and nonmicrosomal mechanisms
  • Enzymes in transformation

• Pharmacological screening and assays

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Principles of screening-correlation between various animal models and human situation, animal ethics
  • Screening models for therapeutic areas like hypertension, cerebral ischemia, pain, epilepsy, depression, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes etc
  • Correlation between in vitro and in vivo screens, cell-based, biochemical, radiological based assays, high through put screening, pharmacokinetic analysis, reference drugs and interpretation of results

• Enzymes and microbial technology

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Enzymes in organic solvents and ionic liquids, biocatalysts, enzyme engineering, random and rational approach to protein engineering, Biocatalysis with different enzymes: lipase, amidase, aminopeptidase, acylase, hydantoinase, lyases, oxidoreductase, nitrilase, epoxide hydrolase, hydoxylase, aldolases, decarboxylases
  • techniques of immobilization of enzymes and whole cells-design, operation and kinetics of immobilized enzyme reactors-Diffusional resistance and Thiele’s modules- multi step immobilized enzyme systems
  • Microorganisms in degradation of xenobiotics and removal of heavy metals

• Biochemical engineering

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Microbial growth kinetics-substrate utilization-product formation-aerobic fermentation-methods-types-fluid properties-Sterilization-methods, kinetics, batch and continuous-batch, continuous and field bioreactors
  • Mass and energy balance in microbial process-effects of dissolved oxygen
  • Dimensional analysis-heat transfer-counter current and co-current system of heat transfer, scale-up and scale down methods, problems and trouble shooting

• Downstream processing

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Separation of cell mass, centrifugation, clarification, filtration, unit operations
  • methods cell disruption-solid shear and liquid shear methods
  • Concentration methods-evaporation, distillation, crystallization, SCFE, solvent extraction, phase separation, drying etc., whole broth extraction, protein precipitation, extraction, adsorption

• Industrial applications

  2 टॉपिक

  • Metabolites-ethanol, acetone, citric acid, lactic acid, amino acid, polysaccharides, nucleosides and bioplastics, penicillin, cephalosporin, streptomycin, vitamins etc
  • Bioprocess-applications of enzymes in pharmaceutical industry-therapeutic and clinical analysis-production and use of glucose isomerase, amidase/amidopetidase, amylase, cellulase, penicillin acylase, lipase, oxido-reductase, hydantoinase, epoxide hydrolase, nitrlase, hydoxylase, alolases, decaboxylases etc. for production of different types of drugs and drug intermediates

इस विषय के 30 टॉपिक में से 17 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 30 टॉपिक देखें →