Sathyabama Entrance Exam

• UNIT 1 : SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

  5 topics

  • Sets and their representation
  • Union, Intersection and Complement of sets and their algebraic properties
  • Power set
  • Relation, Types of relations, Equivalence relations, functions
  • one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions

• UNIT 2 :COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

  2 topics

  • Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, Algebra of complex numbers, Modulus and Argument (or Amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions
  • Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots

• UNIT 3 :MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

  4 topics

  • Matrices, Algebra of matrices, Types of matrices, Determinants and matrices of order two and three
  • Properties of determinants, Evaluation of determinants, Area of triangles using determinants
  • Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations
  • Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices

• UNIT 4 :PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

  1 topics

  • Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications

• UNIT 5 :MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

  1 topics

  • Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications

• UNIT 6 :BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS

  1 topics

  • Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications

• UNIT 7 : SEQUENCES AND SERIES

  2 topics

  • Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers
  • Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum upto n terms of special series: Sn, Sn2, Sn3, Sn3. Arithmetic Geometric regression

• UNIT 8 : LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

  9 of 11 topics

  • Real - valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions
  • Graphs of simple functions
  • Limits, continuity and differentiability
  • Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions
  • Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions
  • derivatives of order upto two
  • Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems
  • Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities
  • monotonic – increasing and decreasing functions

• UNIT 9 : INTEGRAL CALCULUS

  9 topics

  • Integral as an anti - derivative
  • Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
  • Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions
  • Integration using trigonometric identities
  • Evaluation of simple integrals of the type
  • Integral as limit of a sum
  • Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
  • Properties of definite integrals
  • Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

• UNIT 10 : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

  3 topics

  • Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree
  • Formation of differential equations
  • Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type

• UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

  9 of 21 topics

  • Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in a plane
  • distance formula
  • section formula
  • locus and its equation
  • translation of axes
  • slope of a line
  • parallel and perpendicular lines
  • intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes
  • Straight lines

• UNIT 12: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

  7 topics

  • Coordinates of a point in space
  • distance between two points
  • section formula
  • direction ratios and direction cosines
  • angle between two intersecting lines
  • Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation
  • Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines

• UNIT 13: VECTOR ALGEBRA

  5 topics

  • Vectors and scalars
  • addition of vectors
  • components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space
  • scalar and vector products
  • scalar and vector triple product

• UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

  3 topics

  • Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data
  • Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
  • Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution

• UNIT 15: TRIGONOMETRY

  4 topics

  • Trigonometrical identities and equations
  • Trigonometrical functions
  • Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties
  • Heights and Distances

• UNIT 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING:

  1 topics

  • Statements, logical operations AND, OR, IMPLIES, IMPLIED BY, IF AND ONLY IF. Understanding of Tautology, Contradiction, Converse and Contrapositive

Showing 66 of 80 topics in this subject.Show all 80 topics →

• UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

  3 topics

  • Physics, technology and society, S I units, Fundamental and derived units
  • Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Significant figures
  • Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

• UNIT 2: KINEMATICS

  5 topics

  • Frame of reference
  • Motion in a straight line: Position time graph, speed and velocity
  • Uniform and non uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion
  • Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector
  • Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion

• UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION

  7 topics

  • Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion
  • Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion
  • Impulse
  • Newton’s Third Law of motion
  • Law of conservation of linear omentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces
  • Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction
  • Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications

• UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

  4 topics

  • Work done by a constant force and a variable force
  • kinetic and potential energies, workenergy theorem, power
  • Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces
  • Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

• UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION

  6 topics

  • Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body
  • Basic concepts of rotational motion
  • Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications
  • moment of inertia, radius of gyration
  • Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
  • Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion

• UNIT 6: GRAVITATION

  8 topics

  • The universal law of gravitation
  • Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
  • Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
  • Gravitational potential energy
  • gravitational potential
  • Escape velocity
  • Orbital velocity of a satellite
  • Geo-stationary satellites

• UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

  9 of 10 topics

  • Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
  • Pressure due to a fluid column
  • Pascal’s law and its applications
  • Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number
  • Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
  • Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise
  • Heat, temperature, thermal expansion
  • specific heat capacity, calorimetry
  • change of state, latent heat

• UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS

  5 topics

  • Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature
  • Heat, work and internal energy
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes
  • Carnot engine and its efficiency

• UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

  4 topics

  • Equation of state of a perfect gas, work doneon compressing a gas.Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure
  • Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules
  • Degrees of freedom, Law of equi-partition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases
  • Mean free path, Avogadro’s number

• UNIT 10 : OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

  9 of 12 topics

  • Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
  • Periodic functions
  • Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) and its equation
  • phase
  • oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant
  • energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies
  • Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
  • Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance
  • Wave motion

• UNIT 11 : ELECTROSTATICS

  9 of 11 topics

  • Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges
  • superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
  • Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge
  • Electric field lines
  • Electric dipole
  • Electric field due to a dipole
  • Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
  • Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
  • Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges

• UNIT 12 : CURRRENT ELECTRICITY

  7 topics

  • Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors
  • Series and parallel combinations of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistance
  • Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
  • Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications
  • Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge
  • Potentiometer - principle and its pplications

• UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

  9 of 13 topics

  • Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
  • Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
  • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
  • Cyclotron
  • Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
  • Force between two parallel urrentcarrying conductors-definition of ampere
  • Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field
  • Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
  • Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment

• UNIT 14 : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

  9 topics

  • Electromagnetic induction
  • Faraday’s law, induced emf and current
  • Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents
  • Self and mutual inductance
  • Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage
  • reactance and impedance
  • LCR series circuit, resonance
  • Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current
  • AC generator and transformer

• UNIT 15 : ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

  4 topics

  • Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
  • Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
  • Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, gamma rays)
  • Applications of e.m. waves

• UNIT 16 : OPTICS

  6 topics

  • Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifyingpowers
  • Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle
  • Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light
  • Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
  • Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light
  • Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids

• UNIT 17 : DUAL NATURE OF MATTER ANDRADIATION

  6 topics

  • Dual nature of radiation
  • Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations
  • Einstein’s photoelectric equation
  • particle nature of light
  • Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation
  • Davisson- Germer experiment

• UNIT 18 : ATOMS AND NUCLEI

  9 topics

  • Alpha-particle scattering experiment
  • Rutherford’s model of atom
  • Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars
  • isotones
  • spectrum
  • Composition Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties
  • radioactive decay law
  • Mass-energy relation, mass defect
  • binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

• UNIT 19 : ELECTRONIC DEVICES

  9 topics

  • Semiconductors
  • semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
  • diode as a rectifier
  • I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode
  • Zener diode as a voltage regulator
  • Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor
  • transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
  • Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
  • Transistor as a switch

• UNIT 20 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

  7 topics

  • Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
  • Sky and space wave propagation
  • Need for modulation
  • Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
  • Bandwidth of signals
  • Bandwidth of Transmission medium
  • Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only)

Showing 135 of 145 topics in this subject.Show all 145 topics →

• UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

  6 topics

  • Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory
  • Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound
  • Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis
  • Laws of chemical combination
  • Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae
  • Chemical equations and stoichiometry

• UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER

  9 of 16 topics

  • Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states
  • Gaseous State
  • Measurable properties of gases
  • Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure
  • Concept of Absolute scale of temperature
  • Ideal gas equation
  • Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates)
  • Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities
  • Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants

• UNIT 3 :ATOMIC STRUCTURE

  9 of 16 topics

  • Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron)
  • Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations
  • Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect
  • Spectrum of hydrogen atom
  • Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates
  • derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
  • limitations of Bohr’s model
  • Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
  • Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, and concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions

• UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCURE

  9 of 11 topics

  • Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent onds
  • Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds
  • calculation of lattice enthalpy
  • Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment
  • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
  • Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
  • Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals
  • Resonance
  • Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy

• UNIT 5 : CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

  7 topics

  • Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
  • First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity
  • Hess’s law of constant heat summation
  • Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution
  • Second law of thermodynamics
  • Spontaneity of processes
  • DS of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, Dgo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and quilibrium constant

• UNIT 6 : SOLUTIONS

  6 topics

  • Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
  • Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • depression of freezing point
  • elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
  • Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
  • Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance

• UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM

  5 topics

  • Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
  • Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes
  • Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst
  • Le Chatelier’s principle
  • Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Br instead - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

• UNIT 8 : REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

  9 of 14 topics

  • Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
  • Eectrolytic and metallic conduction
  • conductance in electrolytic solutions
  • specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
  • Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells
  • different types of electrodes
  • electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
  • half - cell and cell reactions
  • emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement

• UNIT 9 : CHEMICAL KINETICS

  2 topics

  • Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst
  • elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

• UNIT-10 : SURFACE CHEMISTRY

  7 topics

  • Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms
  • dsorption from solutions
  • Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism
  • Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic
  • multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation
  • Emulsions and their characteristics

• UNIT 11 : CLASSIFICATON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

  1 topics

  • Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

• UNIT 12 : GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS

  3 topics

  • Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores
  • Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe
  • Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

• UNIT 13 : HYDROGEN

  5 topics

  • Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen
  • Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water
  • Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide
  • Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial
  • Hydrogen as a fuel

• UNIT 14 : S - BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI ANDALKALINE EARTH METALS)

  7 topics

  • Group - 1 and 2 Elements General introduction
  • electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements
  • anomalous properties of the first element of each group
  • diagonal relationships
  • Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement
  • Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca

• UNIT 15 : P - BLOCK ELEMENTS

  9 of 26 topics

  • Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements
  • General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
  • unique behaviour of the first element in each group
  • Groupwise study of the p block elements Group 13
  • Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium
  • Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums
  • Group 14
  • Tendency for catenation
  • Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones

• UNIT 16 : d– and f –BLOCK ELEMENTS

  6 topics

  • Transition Elements
  • General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
  • Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4
  • Inner Transition Elements
  • Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction
  • Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states

• UNIT 17 : CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

  5 topics

  • Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory
  • ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation
  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
  • Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties
  • Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

• UNIT 18 : ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

  9 of 12 topics

  • Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil
  • Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon
  • nitrogen and sulphur
  • hydrocarbons; their sources
  • harmful effects and prevention
  • Green house effect and Global warming
  • Acid rain
  • Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
  • Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects

• UNIT 19 : PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  5 topics

  • Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications
  • Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
  • Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
  • Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae
  • Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

• UNIT 20 : SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

  9 of 10 topics

  • Tetravalency of carbon
  • Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
  • Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C h C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
  • Homologous series
  • Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism
  • Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
  • Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions
  • stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
  • Electronic displacement in a covalent bond- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

• UNIT 21 : HYDROCARBONS

  8 of 11 topics

  • Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions
  • Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)
  • Mechanism of halogenations of alkanes
  • Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism
  • Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect)
  • Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization
  • Alkynes - Acidic character
  • Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides

• UNIT 22 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

  5 topics

  • General methods of preparation, properties and reactions
  • Nature of C-X bond
  • Mechanisms of substitution reactions
  • Uses
  • Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT

• UNIT 23 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

  8 of 15 topics

  • General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses
  • ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
  • Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
  • mechanism of dehydration
  • Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction
  • Ethers: Structure
  • Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group
  • Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones

• UNIT 24 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

  3 topics

  • General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses
  • Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character
  • Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

• UNIT 25 : POLYMERS

  3 topics

  • General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization
  • Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
  • some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

• UNIT 26 : BIOMOLECULES

  7 topics

  • General introduction and importance of biomolecules
  • CARBOHYDRATES - Classification: aldoses and ketoses
  • monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of _ - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides
  • Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
  • VITAMINS - Classification and functions
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

• UNIT 27 : CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

  3 topics

  • Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins – their meaning and common examples
  • Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples
  • Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

• UNIT 28 : PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

  8 of 13 topics

  • • Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds
  • Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic)
  • carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone)
  • carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds
  • • Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum
  • Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
  • • Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
  • • Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+. Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI -, Br, I. (Insoluble salts excluded)

Showing 173 of 230 topics in this subject.Show all 230 topics →

• Unit I: Diversity of Living Organism

  8 of 15 topics

  • What is living? Biodiversity
  • Need for classification
  • Three domain of life
  • Taxonomy & Systematics
  • Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy
  • Binomial nomenclature
  • Tools for study of Taxonomy- Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens
  • Five kingdom classification

• Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

  6 topics

  • Morphology and modifications
  • Tissues
  • Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)
  • Animal tissues
  • Morphology, anatomy and functions of different system (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach)
  • (a brief account only)

• Unit III: Cell Structure and Function

  8 of 11 topics

  • Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
  • Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
  • Plant cell and animal cell
  • Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall
  • Cell organelles – structure and function
  • Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles
  • mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies
  • Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function)

• Unit IV: Plant Physiology

  8 of 33 topics

  • Transport in plants
  • Movement of water, gases and nutrients
  • Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
  • Plant-water relations-Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis
  • Long distance transport of water-Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation
  • Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata
  • Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis
  • Diffusion of gases (brief mention)

• Unit V: Human Physiology

  8 of 38 topics

  • Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones
  • Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
  • Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fat (for box item not to be evaluated)
  • Egeston
  • Nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea
  • Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only)
  • Respiratory system in humans
  • Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volume

• Reproduction

  8 of 21 topics

  • Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
  • Modes of reproduction-A sexual and sexual reproduction
  • Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
  • vegetative propagation in plants
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plant: Flower structure
  • Development of male and female gametophytes
  • Pollination-types, agencies and examples
  • Outbreedings devices

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