TS EAMCET

• ALGEBRA

  4 of 10 topics

  • Functions
  • Mathematical Induction
  • Matrices
  • Complex Numbers

• TRIGONOMETRY

  4 of 5 topics

  • Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations
  • Trigonometric Equations
  • Inverse Trigonometric Functions
  • Hyperbolic Functions

• VECTOR ALGEBRA

  2 topics

  • Addition of Vectors
  • Product of Vectors

• PROBABILITY

  2 topics

  • Measures of Dispersion - Range - Mean deviation - Variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data, coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distributions with equal means and unequal means but different variances. b) Probability
  • Random Variables and Probability Distributions

• COORDINATE GEOMETRY

  4 of 12 topics

  • Locus
  • Transformation of Axes
  • The Straight Line
  • Pair of Straight lines

• CALCULUS

  4 of 6 topics

  • Limits and Continuity
  • Differentiation
  • Applications of Derivatives
  • Integration

Showing 20 of 37 topics in this subject.Show all 37 topics →

• PHYSICAL WORLD

  1 topics

  • What is physics? Scope and excitement of physics. Physics, technology and society, Fundamental forces in nature, Nature of physical laws

• UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

  4 of 5 topics

  • The international system of units, Measurement of Length, Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a Molecule, Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses,
  • Measurement of time, Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic errors, random errors, least count error, Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors,
  • Significant figures, Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations,
  • Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations,

• MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

  1 topics

  • Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

• MOTION IN A PLANE

  3 topics

  • Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical method, resolution of vectors,
  • vector addition - analytical method, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion,
  • equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

• LAWS OF MOTION

  2 topics

  • Aristotle’s fallacy, The Law of inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, Newton’s second law of motion- momentum, impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, conservation of momentum,Equilibrium of a particle,
  • Common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

• WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

  3 topics

  • The Scalar Product, Notions of work and kinetic energy, The work-energy theorem, Work, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable force, The work-energy theorem for a variable force, The concept of Potential Energy,
  • The conservation of Mechanical Energy, The Potential Energy of a spring, Various forms of energy, Heat, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, Nuclear Energy,
  • The Principle of Conservation of Energy, Power, Collisions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in one dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination, Collisions in Two Dimensions

• SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

  4 topics

  • Rigid body motion, Centre of mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of centre of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles, Vector product of two vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity,
  • Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Moment of force (Torque), Angular momentum of particle,
  • Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles - conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis,
  • Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis - conservation of angular momentum, Rolling motion, Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion

• OSCILLATIONS

  3 topics

  • Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency, Displacement, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion,
  • Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion,
  • Forced oscillations and resonance

• GRAVITATION

  2 topics

  • Kepler’s laws Law of Orbits, Law of Areas, Law of Periods, Universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth,
  • Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Earth satellites, Energy of an orbiting satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Weightlessness

• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

  2 topics

  • Elastic behavior of solids, Stress and strain, Hooke’s law, Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus, Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
  • Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, Applications of elastic behavior of materials

• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

  3 topics

  • Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure with Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’ Principle, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux, Torricelli’s Law,
  • Venturi- meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy,
  • Angle of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension

• THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  2 topics

  • Temperature and heat, Measurement of temperature, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat,
  • Heat transfer – Conduction, convection and radiation, Black body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification

• THERMODYNAMICS

  3 topics

  • Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat capacity of water,
  • Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State, Thermodynamic processes, Quasi- static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic process, Heat engines ,
  • Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem

• KINETIC THEORY

  2 topics

  • Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Law of equipartition of energy,
  • Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Polyatomic Gases, Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean free path

• WAVES

  3 topics

  • Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave,
  • speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats,
  • Doppler effect – source moving & Observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both observer and source are moving, applications of Doppler effect

• RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

  3 topics

  • Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors, Sign convention, Focal length of spherical mirror, Mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications,
  • refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, natural phenomena due to sunlight – Rainbow, Scattering of light,
  • optical instruments, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope

• WAVE OPTICS

  4 topics

  • Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle: Refraction of a plane wave, Refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary),
  • reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young‘s experiment, Diffraction, Single slit,
  • seeing the single slit diffraction pattern resolving power of optical instruments, Determination of resolving power of eye, the validity of ray optics, Polarization: Polarization by scattering,
  • Polarisation by reflection

• ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

  4 topics

  • Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law,
  • forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole,
  • the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law,
  • Applications of Gauss’s Law: Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet , field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell

• ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

  4 topics

  • Electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential,
  • potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field,
  • potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor,
  • effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

• CURRENT ELECTRICITY

  3 topics

  • Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors,
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power. Combination of Resistors, Series and Parallel, Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge,
  • Meter Bridge, Potentiometer

• MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

  4 of 5 topics

  • Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles,
  • motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, , velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop,
  • Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT), torque on current loop, magnetic dipole,
  • torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil Galvanometer;

• MAGNETISM AND MATTER

  2 topics

  • The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism,
  • magnetic declination and dip, magnetization and magnetic intensity,magnetic properties of materials – Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism, permanent magnets and electromagnets

• ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

  2 topics

  • The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy currents,
  • inductance, mutual inductance, self-inductance, AC generator

• ALTERNATING CURRENT

  2 topics

  • AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit,
  • Phasor – diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance,Power in AC circuit: The power factor, Wattless current LC oscillations, transformers

• ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

  2 topics

  • Displacement Current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays,
  • ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays

• DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

  3 topics

  • Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent,
  • effect of potential on photoelectric current, effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation,
  • Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer Experiment

• ATOMS

  2 topics

  • Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck – Hertz experiment,
  • the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, deBroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization

• NUCLEI

  3 topics

  • Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, Mass - Energy, Nuclear Binding Energy, The Binding energy per Nucleon and its variation with Mass Number, Nuclear Force,
  • Radioactivity - Law of radioactive decay, half-life and mean life of a Radioactive material, Alpha decay, Beta decay and Gamma decay, Nuclear Energy, Fission, Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars,
  • controlled thermonuclear fusion

• SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

  4 topics

  • MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS: Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor,
  • p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, p-n junction, forward bias, reverse bias, Semiconductor diode, Application of junction diode as a rectifier, Zener Diode, Zener Diode as a voltage regulator,
  • Optoelectronic junction devices, Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor, structure and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics,
  • transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE – Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Digital Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated circuits

• COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

  3 topics

  • Elements of a Communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves,
  • space wave, modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation,
  • production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Showing 83 of 85 topics in this subject.Show all 85 topics →

• ATOMIC STRUCTURE

  4 of 5 topics

  • Sub Atomic particles, Atomic models, Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom; Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation, Planck’ s quantum theory;
  • Evidence for the quantized electronic Energy levels : Atomic spectra, Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; Limitations of Bohr’s model;
  • Quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical model of an atom. Important features of Quantum mechanical model of atom;
  • Orbitals and quantum numbers; Shapes of atomic orbitals; Energies of orbitals; Filling of orbitals in atoms. Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity;

• CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

  4 topics

  • Need to classify elements - Genesis of periodic classification, Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table;
  • Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than100;Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d and f blocks;
  • Trends in physical properties:(a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius (c) Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) Ionization enthalpy, (e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity;
  • Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation states, (b) Anomalous properties of second period elements –diagonal relationship; Periodic trends and chemical reactivity

• CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

  4 of 9 topics

  • Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bonding, Octet rule, Lewis representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule;
  • Ionic or electrovalent bond - Factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds- Crystal structure of sodium chloride, Lattice Enthalpy: General properties of ionic compounds;
  • Bond Parameters - bond length ,bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance- Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory;
  • Predicting the geometry of simple molecules;

• STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS

  4 topics

  • GASES AND LIQUIDS: Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy; Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions; The Gaseous State; The Gas Laws; Ideal gas equation; Graham’s law of diffusion - Dalton’s Law of partial pressures;
  • Kinetic molecular theory of gases; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas laws from Kinetic gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds, Kinetic Energy,
  • Behaviour of real gases - Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour - Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real gases; Liquification of gases, Liquid state, Vapour Pressure, Surface tension,
  • Viscosity (No mathematical part)

• STOICHIOMETRY

  4 of 5 topics

  • Significant figures, Laws of Chemical Combinations - Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Atomic and molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass
  • Concept of equivalent weight; Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations- limiting reagent;
  • Methods of Expressing concentrations of solutions- mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality; Redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions,
  • oxidation and reduction reactions- redox reactions in terms of electron transfer; Oxidation number concept; Types of Redox reactions- combination, decomposition, displacement and disproportionation reactions;

• THERMODYNAMICS

  3 of 6 topics

  • Thermodynamic Terms; The system and the surroundings; Types of systems and surroundings; The state of the system; The Internal Energy as a State Function. (a)Work (b) Heat (c) The general case,
  • the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications; Work; Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function; Extensive and intensive properties; The relationship between Cp and Cv; Measurement of∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry;
  • Enthalpy change, ∆rH of reactions- reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) Enthalpy changes during transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy of formation,

• CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES

  3 of 6 topics

  • Equilibrium in Physical process; Equilibrium in chemical process - Dynamic Equilibrium; Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of mass action and Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria,
  • Equilibrium constant in gaseous systems. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K,
  • reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids,

• HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

  3 topics

  • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; Dihydrogen-Occurrence and Isotopes; Preparation and properties of dihydrogen, uses of H2, Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides;
  • Water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice. Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, Temporary and permanent hardness of water; Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation, properties, structure, storage and uses
  • Heavy Water; Hydrogen as a fuel

• THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

  3 of 7 topics

  • Group 1 Elements :Alkali metals; Electronic configurations; Atomic and Ionic radii; Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties; Chemical properties; Uses;
  • General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo Acids; Anomalous properties of Lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, Diagonal relationship;
  • similarities between Lithium and Magnesium; Some important compounds of Sodium: Sodium Chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Bicarbonate, Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium

• p- BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)

  2 topics

  • General introduction – Electronic configuration, atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical properties Aluminum reactivity towards acids & alkalies,
  • Important trends and anomalous properties of boron; Some important compounds of Boron- Borax, orthoboric acid, Diborane, Uses of boron, aluminum, and their compounds

• p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)

  2 topics

  • General introduction – Electronic configuration, atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; Allotropes of carbon;
  • Uses of carbon; Some important compounds of Carbon and Silicon: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Silica, Silicones, Silicates, Zeolites

• Environmental Chemistry

  2 topics

  • Definition of terms: Air, Water, Soil Pollutions, Environmental Pollution, Atmospheric Pollution, Acid rain, Particulate pollutants, Stratospheric pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution,
  • Strategies to control Environmental pollution, Green Chemistry

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND HYDRO CARBONS

  3 of 10 topics

  • General introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds; Structural representations of organic compounds; Classification of organic compounds; Nomenclature of organic compounds; Isomerism;
  • Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; Fission of covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Electron movements in organic reactions; Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect,
  • resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyper conjugation; Types of Organic reactions; Methods of purification of Organic compounds, Qualitative elemental analysis of Organic compounds,

• SOLID STATE

  3 of 6 topics

  • General characteristics of solid state; Amorphous and crystalline solids; Classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids);
  • Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography; Crystal lattices and unit cells. Bravais lattices primitive and centered unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive,
  • body centered and face centered cubic unit cell);Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension,

• SOLUTIONS

  3 of 5 topics

  • Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality;
  • Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid- liquid solutions
  • Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; Ideal and non-ideal solutions;

• ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS

  3 of 6 topics

  • Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells: measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation- equilibrium constant from Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction;
  • Conductance of electrolytic solutions-measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration-strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes-applications of Kohlrausch’s law;
  • Electrolytic cells and electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of electrolysis; Batteries: primary batteries and secondary batteries, Fuel cells, Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy

• SURFACE CHEMISTRY

  3 of 5 topics

  • Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption-mechanism of adsorption- types of adsorption- characteristics of physisorption- characteristics of chemisorption- adsorption isotherms- adsorption from solution phase- applications of adsorption;
  • Catalysis: Catalysts,
  • promoters and poisons-autocatalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis-adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis- important features of solid catalysts: (a)activity (b)selectivity- shape-selective catalysis by zeolites- enzyme catalysis-characteristics and mechanism- catalysts in industry Colloids: Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium-classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium- classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase- multimolecular,

• GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY

  3 topics

  • Occurrence of metals; Concentration of ores- levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation leaching; Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal;
  • Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram-limitations- applications-extraction of iron, copper and zinc from their oxides; Electrochemical principles of metallurgy; Oxidation and reduction;
  • Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining; Uses of aluminum, copper, zinc and iron

• p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

  3 of 8 topics

  • Group-15 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses;
  • Compounds of nitrogen-preparation, properties, and uses of ammonia; Oxides of nitrogen; Preparation and properties of nitric acid; Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine- preparation and properties; Phosphorous halides;
  • Oxoacids of phosphorous; Phosphorous halides & Oxo acids of phosphorous Group-16 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity,

• d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

  3 of 10 topics

  • d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of the d-block elements; General properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties,
  • variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series, ionization enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states,
  • chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation;

• POLYMERS

  3 of 6 topics

  • Classification of Polymers -Classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization;
  • Types of polymerization reactions- addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization- Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism-preparation of addition polymers- polythene,
  • Teflon and poly acrylonitrile- condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization-polyamides- preparation of Nylon 6,6 and nylon 6-polyesters- terylene- bakelite, melamine,

• BIOMOLECULES

  3 of 6 topics

  • Carbohydrates-Classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides: preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-Properties and structure of glucose-D, L configurations and (+),
  • (-) configurations of glucose-Structure of fructose; Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure; Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose- Polysaccharides: Structures of starch,
  • cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates; Amino acids: Natural amino acids- classification of amino acids-structures and D and L forms-Zwitterions; Proteins-Structures, classification,

• CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAYLIFE- Drugs and their classification

  3 of 4 topics

  • (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect (b) Classification of drugs on the basis of drug action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets;
  • Drug-Target interaction-Enzymes as drug targets (a) Catalytic action of enzymes (b) Drug-enzyme interaction Receptors as drug targets; Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines,
  • neurologically active drugs: tranquilizers, analgesics– non- narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants-antifertility drugs; Chemicals in food- artificial sweetening agents,

• HALO ALKANES AND HALO ARENES

  3 of 5 topics

  • Classification and nomenclature; Nature of C-X bond; Methods of preparation: Alkylhalides and arylhalides-from alcohols,
  • from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction) (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions (Finkelstein reaction,
  • Swarts reaction); Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility;

• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLICACIDS)

  3 of 13 topics

  • Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Alcohols, phenols and ethers-classification; Nomenclature: (a)Alcohols, (b) phenols and (c) ethers; Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups;
  • Methods of preparation: Alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; Phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical properties of alcohols and phenols;
  • Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond in alcohols-Acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3,

• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

  3 of 6 topics

  • Amines: Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature; Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides,
  • Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; Physical properties; Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid,
  • reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines (aniline)-bromination, nitration and sulphonation. DIAZONIUM SALTS- Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization);

Showing 80 of 148 topics in this subject.Show all 148 topics →

• DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

  3 topics

  • The living world: What is living?, Diversity in the living world; Taxonomic categories and taxonomical aids. Biological Classification: Five kingdom classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia,
  • Three domains of life (Six kingdom classification), Viruses, Viroids, Prions & Lichens. Science of plants– Botany: Origin, Development, Scope of Botany and Branches of Botany. Plant Kingdom: Salient features,
  • C lassification and alternation of g e n e r a t i o n s o f the plants of the following groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

• STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS- MORPHOLOGY

  3 topics

  • Morphology of flowering Plants: Vegetative: Parts of a typical Angiospermic plant; Vegetative morphology and modifications - Root, Stem and Leaf- types; Venation, Phyllotaxy. Reproductive: Inflorescence - Racemose,
  • Cymose and special types (in brief). Flower: Parts of a flower and their detailed description; Aestivation, Placentation, Fruits: Types – True, False and Parthenocarpic fruits, Seeds (in brief);
  • List of some important edible fruits

• REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

  3 of 4 topics

  • Modes of Reproduction: Asexual reproduction, Binary fission, Sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, Sexual reproduction in brief, Overview of angiosperm life cycle
  • Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain; Pistil, megasporangium (ovule) and embryo sac; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination - Types, agents,
  • Out breeding devices and Pollen - Pistil interaction; Double Fertilization; Post fertilization events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, Structure of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous seeds,

• PLANT SYSTEMATICS

  1 topics

  • Taxonomy of angiosperms: Introduction, Types of Systems of classification (In brief). Semi- Technical description of a typical flowering plant; Description of Families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae

• CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  3 of 5 topics

  • Cell- The Unit of Life: Cell- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life- overview of the cell; Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic cells - Ultra Structure of Plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief),
  • Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Plastids, Ribosomes, Golgi bodies, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Microbodies, Centrosome and Centriole, Cilia, Flagella, Cytoskeleton and Nucleus
  • Chromosomes: Number, structural organization, Nucleosome. Biomolecules: How to analyse chemical composition; primary and secondary metabolites, Biomacromolecules, Proteins, Polysaccharides, Nucleic acids,

• INTERNAL ORGANISATION OF PLANTS

  2 topics

  • Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Tissues – Types, structure and functions; Meristematic: Permanent tissues – Simple and Complex tissues. Tissue systems – Types, structure and function: Epidermal,
  • Ground and Vascular tissue systems, Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous plants - Root, Stem and Leaf, Secondary growth in Dicot stem and Dicot root

• PLANT ECOLOGY

  2 topics

  • Ecological Adaptations, Succession and Ecological Services: Introduction. Plant communities and Ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes. Plant succession. Ecological services- Pollination,
  • Carbon fixation, Oxygen release and how to sustain ecological functions

• PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

  3 of 12 topics

  • Transport in Plants: Means of Transport- Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Passive symports and antiports, Active Transport, Comparison of Different Transport Processes, Plant-Water Relations- Water Potential, Osmosis,
  • Plasmolysis, Imbibition, Long Distance Transport of Water- Water Movement up a Plant, Root Pressure, Transpiration pull, Transpiration- Opening and Closing of Stomata, Transpiration and Photosynthesis - a compromise;
  • Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients- Uptake of Mineral Ions, Translocation of Mineral Ions, Phloem transport: Flow from Source to Sink-The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis

• MICROBIOLOGY

  2 topics

  • Bacteria: Morphology of Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure - Nutrition, Reproduction-Sexual Reproduction, Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction, The importance of Bacteria to Humans. Viruses: Discovery,
  • Classification of Viruses, structure of Viruses, Multiplication of Bacteriophages – the Lytic cycle, The Lysogenic Cycle, Viral diseases in Plants, Viral diseases in Humans

• GENETICS

  3 topics

  • Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendel’s Experiments, Inheritance of one gene (Monohybrid Cross)-Back cross and Test cross, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation or Law of purity of gametes,
  • Deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance - Incomplete Dominance, Co- dominance, Explanation of the concept of dominance, Inheritance of two genes- Law of Independent Assortment, Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance,
  • Linkage and Recombination, Mutations, Significance of mutations

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

  3 topics

  • Molecular Basis of inheritance: The DNA- Structure of Polynucleotide Chain, Packaging of DNA Helix. The Search for Genetic Material, Transforming Principle, Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle,
  • The Genetic Material is DNA, Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA), RNA World, Replication - The Experimental Proof, The Machinery and the Enzymes, Transcription-Transcription Unit,
  • Transcription Unit and the Gene, Types of RNA and the process of Transcription, Genetic Code-Mutations and Genetic Code, tRNA- the Adapter Molecule, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression-The Lac operon

• BIOTECHNOLOGY

  3 of 5 topics

  • Principles and processes of Biotechnology: Principles of Biotechnology-Construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology-Restriction Enzymes, Cloning Vectors,
  • Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA), Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology- Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA), Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations, Separation and isolation of DNA fragments,
  • Insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR, Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host, Cell/Organism, Selection of Transformed host cells,

• PLANTS, MICROBES & HUMAN WELFARE

  3 of 4 topics

  • Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant Breeding- What is Plant Breeding? Wheat and Rice, Sugarcane, Millets, Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance, Methods of breeding for disease resistance, Mutation,
  • Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests, Plant Breeding for improved Food Quality, Single Cell Protein (SCP), Tissue Culture. Microbes in Human Welfare: Microbes in Household Products,
  • Microbes in Industrial Products- Fermented Beverages, Antibiotics, Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or Biological treatment,

Showing 34 of 49 topics in this subject.Show all 49 topics →

• ZOOLOGY - Diversity of Living World

  3 of 4 topics

  • What is life?; Nature, Scope & meaning of zoology; Branches of Zoology; Need for classification- Zoos as tools for study of taxonomy;
  • Basic principles of Classification: Biological system of classification- (Phylogenetic classification only); Levels or Hierarchy of classification; Nomenclature - Bi &Trinominal; Species concept; Kingdom Animalia;
  • Biodiversity- Meaning and distribution, (Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity alpha,beta and gama), other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiveristy,

• STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

  3 topics

  • Levels of organisation, Multicellularity: Diploblastic & Triploblastic conditions; Asymmetry, Symmetry: Radial symmetry,
  • and Bilateral symmetry (Brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla); Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Eucoelomates: Schizo&Entero coelomates (Brief account of formation of coelom);
  • Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous tissues

• ANIMAL DIVERSITY-I

  2 topics

  • INVERTEBRATE PHYLA: General Characters –Classification up to Classes with two or three examples – (Brief account only). Porifera; Cnidaria; Ctenophora; Platyhelminthes; Nematoda;
  • Annelida (Include Earthworm as a type study adhering to NCERT text book); Arthropoda; Mollusca; Echinodermata; Hemichordata

• ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II

  3 topics

  • PHYLUM: CHORDATA: General Characters – Classification up to Classes - (Brief account only) with two or three examples). Phylum: Chordata; Sub phylum: Urochordata; Sub phylum: Cephalochordata; Sub phylum : Vertebrata;
  • Super class: Agnatha, Class Cyclostomata; Super class: Gnathostomata, Super class Pisces, Class: Chondricthyes, Class: Osteichthyes; Tetrapoda, Class: Amphibia (Include Frog as a type study adhering to NCERT text book),
  • Class: Reptilia, Class: Aves, Class: Mammalia

• LOCOMOTION & REPRODUCTION IN PROTOZOA

  3 topics

  • Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures Pseudopodia (basic idea of Pseudopodia without going into different types), Flagella & Cilia (Brief account giving two examples each);
  • Flagellar& Ciliary movement- Effective & Recovery strokes in Euglena, Synchronal &Metachronal movements in Paramecium; Reproduction: Definition, types
  • Asexual Reproduction: Transeverse binary fission in Paramecium & Longitudinal binary fission in Euglena. Multiple fission, Sexual Reproduction

• BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

  2 topics

  • Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; Health and disease: introduction (follow NCERT); Life cycle, Pathogenecity, Treatment & Prevention (Brief account only) 1. Entamoeba histolytica2. Plasmodium vivax 3
  • Ascaris lumbricoides 4. Wuchereria bancrofti; Brief account of pathogenecity, treatment & prevention of Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, & Ring worm; Drugs and Alcohol abuse

• Type Study Periplaneta americana (Cockroach)

  1 topics

  • Habitat and Habits, External features, Locomotion, Digestive System, Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Excretory System, Nervous System - Sense organs Structure of Ommatidium, Reproductive System

• ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

  3 of 5 topics

  • Organisms and Environment: Ecology, Population, Communities, Habitat, Niche, Biome and Ecosphere (definitions only); Ecosystem : Elementary aspects only: Abiotic factors - Light, Temperature, Water,
  • Soil and Pressure (Biological effects only), Ecological adaptations Population interactions. Ecosystems – Types, Components, Lake Ecosystem, Food Chains, Food Web, Productivity and Energy Flow in Ecosystem,
  • Ecological Pyramids – Pyramid of numbers Biomass and energy. Nutrient Cycles – Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Cycles (brief account), Population attributes: Growth, Natality and Mortality, Age distribution,

• HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I

  3 of 4 topics

  • Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and Digestive glands: Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones: Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion,
  • Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats (for box item – not to be evaluated): Nutritional disorders: Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), indigestion, constipation, vomiting, Jaundice, Diarrhoea, Kwashiorkor
  • Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration,

• HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II

  3 of 5 topics

  • 10-A) Body Fluids and Circulation: Lymphatic system, Clotting of blood; Human circulatory system - structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, Cardiac output, double circulation,
  • regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure. 10-B) Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,
  • Ureotelism, Uricotelism, Human excretory system - structure of kidney and nephron; Urine formation, mechanism of concentration of the filterate osmoregulation;

• HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-III

  3 of 5 topics

  • 11-A) Muscular and Skeletal system: Skeletal muscle - ultra structure; Contractile proteins & muscle contraction, muscle fatigue, coricycle types of muscle fibers. The Skelton : Axial Skelton, appendicular skelton,
  • types of joints, structure of synovial joint Skeletal system, and its functions: Joints, Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system: myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout,
  • Rigor mortis. 11-B) Neural control and co-ordination: Human Neural System : Central nervous system – Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral nervous system – Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, somatic neural system,

• HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-IV

  3 of 5 topics

  • 12-A) Endocrine system and chemical co-ordination: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system - Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads;
  • Mechanism of hormone action elementary idea only, Role of hormones as messengers and regulators; Hypo and Hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders - Dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter,
  • exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome. 12-B) Immune system: Basic concepts of Immunology – Lines of Immunity, Cells of Immune Systems, Organs of Immune System,

• HUMAN REPRODUCTION

  3 of 4 topics

  • 13-A) Human Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis & ovary; Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilization,
  • Embryo development upto blastocyst formation, Implantation gastrulation organogenesis; Pregnancy, placenta formation, Parturition, Lactation (elementary idea)
  • 13-B) Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control - Need and methods, contraception, and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis;

• GENETICS

  3 of 4 topics

  • Heredity and variations. Mendel’s laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila(Drosophila melanogaster- Grey, Black body colour; Long, Vestigial wings), Pleiotrophy, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups,
  • Rh-factor, Co-dominance ( Blood groups as example), elementary idea of polygenic inheritance, skin colour in humans, Sex- determination- in humans, birds, Fumea, genic balance theory of sex determination,
  • Haplodiploidy in honey bees; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia and Colourblindness, Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalassemia, Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria;

• ORGANIC EVOLUTION

  3 of 4 topics

  • Origin of Life, Biological evolution and Evidences for biological evolution (Palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological and molecular evidences): Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief),
  • Darwin’s theory of Evolution – Natural Selection with example (Kettlewell’s experiments on Biston bitularia),
  • Mutation Theory of Hugo De Vries: Modern synthetic theory of Evolution – Hardy – Weinberg Law: Types of Natural Selection: Gene flow and genetic drift: Variations (mutations and genetic recombination): Adaptive radiation – viz.,

• APPLIED BIOLOGY

  2 topics

  • Animal Husbandry: Pisciculture, Poultry management Apiculture (beekeeping) fishery, Dairy management: Animal breeding: Bio-Medical Technology, Diagnostic Imaging X-ray, CT scan, MRI, ECG, EEG, ELISA,
  • Application of Biotechnology in health; Human insulin, and vaccine production; Gene Therapy; Transgenic animals; Vaccines, MABs, Cancer biology, stem cells. @@@

Showing 43 of 56 topics in this subject.Show all 56 topics →

• PHYSICAL WORLD

  1 topics

  • What is physics? Scope and excitement of physics. Physics, technology and society, Fundamental forces in nature, Nature of physical laws

• UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

  5 topics

  • The international system of units, Measurement of Length, Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a Molecule, Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses,
  • Measurement of time, Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic errors, random errors, least count error, Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors,
  • Significant figures, Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations,
  • Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations,
  • Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities

• MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

  1 topics

  • Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

• MOTION IN A PLANE

  3 topics

  • Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical method, resolution of vectors,
  • vector addition - analytical method, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion,
  • equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

• LAWS OF MOTION

  2 topics

  • Aristotle’s fallacy, The Law of inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, Newton’s second law of motion- momentum, impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, conservation of momentum,Equilibrium of a particle,
  • Common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

• WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

  3 topics

  • The Scalar Product, Notions of work and kinetic energy, The work-energy theorem, Work, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable force, The work-energy theorem for a variable force, The concept of Potential Energy,
  • The conservation of Mechanical Energy, The Potential Energy of a spring, Various forms of energy, Heat, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, Nuclear Energy,
  • The Principle of Conservation of Energy, Power, Collisions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in one dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination, Collisions in Two Dimensions

• SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

  4 topics

  • Rigid body motion, Centre of mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of centre of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles, Vector product of two vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity,
  • Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Moment of force (Torque), Angular momentum of particle,
  • Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles - conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis,
  • Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis - conservation of angular momentum, Rolling motion, Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion

• OSCILLATIONS

  3 topics

  • Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency, Displacement, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion,
  • Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion,
  • Forced oscillations and resonance

• GRAVITATION

  2 topics

  • Kepler’s laws Law of Orbits, Law of Areas, Law of Periods, Universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth,
  • Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Earth satellites, Energy of an orbiting satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Weightlessness

• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

  2 topics

  • Elastic behavior of solids, Stress and strain, Hooke’s law, Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus, Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
  • Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, Applications of elastic behavior of materials

• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

  3 topics

  • Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure with Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’ Principle, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux, Torricelli’s Law,
  • Venturi- meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy,
  • Angle of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension

• THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  2 topics

  • Temperature and heat, Measurement of temperature, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat,
  • Heat transfer – Conduction, convection and radiation, Black body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification

• THERMODYNAMICS

  3 topics

  • Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat capacity of water,
  • Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State, Thermodynamic processes, Quasi- static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic process, Heat engines ,
  • Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem

• KINETIC THEORY

  2 topics

  • Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Law of equipartition of energy,
  • Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Polyatomic Gases, Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean free path

• WAVES

  3 topics

  • Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave,
  • speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats,
  • Doppler effect – source moving & Observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both observer and source are moving, applications of Doppler effect

• RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

  3 topics

  • Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors, Sign convention, Focal length of spherical mirror, Mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications,
  • refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, natural phenomena due to sunlight – Rainbow, Scattering of light,
  • optical instruments, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope

• WAVE OPTICS

  4 topics

  • Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle: Refraction of a plane wave, Refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary),
  • reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young‘s experiment, Diffraction, Single slit,
  • seeing the single slit diffraction pattern resolving power of optical instruments, Determination of resolving power of eye, the validity of ray optics, Polarization: Polarization by scattering,
  • Polarisation by reflection

• ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

  4 topics

  • Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law,
  • forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole,
  • the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law,
  • Applications of Gauss’s Law: Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet , field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell

• ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

  4 topics

  • Electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential,
  • potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field,
  • potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor,
  • effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

• CURRENT ELECTRICITY

  3 topics

  • Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors,
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power. Combination of Resistors, Series and Parallel, Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge,
  • Meter Bridge, Potentiometer

• MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

  5 topics

  • Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles,
  • motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, , velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop,
  • Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT), torque on current loop, magnetic dipole,
  • torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil Galvanometer;
  • conversion into ammeter and voltmeter

• MAGNETISM AND MATTER

  2 topics

  • The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism,
  • magnetic declination and dip, magnetization and magnetic intensity,magnetic properties of materials – Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism, permanent magnets and electromagnets

• ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

  2 topics

  • The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy currents,
  • inductance, mutual inductance, self- inductance, AC generator

• ALTERNATING CURRENT

  2 topics

  • AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit,
  • Phasor – diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance,Power in AC circuit: The power factor, Wattless current LC oscillations, transformers

• ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

  2 topics

  • Displacement Current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays,
  • ultraviolet rays, X- rays, gamma rays

• DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

  3 topics

  • Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent,
  • effect of potential on photoelectric current, effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation,
  • Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer Experiment

• ATOMS

  2 topics

  • Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck – Hertz experiment,
  • the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, deBroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization

• NUCLEI

  3 topics

  • Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, Mass - Energy, Nuclear Binding Energy, The Binding energy per Nucleon and its variation with Mass Number, Nuclear Force,
  • Radioactivity - Law of radioactive decay, half-life and mean life of a Radioactive material, Alpha decay, Beta decay and Gamma decay, Nuclear Energy, Fission, Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars,
  • controlled thermonuclear fusion

• SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

  4 topics

  • MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS: Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor,
  • p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, p-n junction, forward bias, reverse bias, Semiconductor diode, Application of junction diode as a rectifier, Zener Diode, Zener Diode as a voltage regulator,
  • Optoelectronic junction devices, Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor, structure and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics,
  • transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE – Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Digital Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated circuits

• COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

  3 topics

  • Elements of a Communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves,
  • space wave, modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation,
  • production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Showing all 85 topics in this subject.Show fewer topics

• ATOMIC STRUCTURE

  3 of 5 topics

  • Sub Atomic particles, Atomic models, Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom; Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation, Planck’ s quantum theory;
  • Evidence for the quantized electronic Energy levels : Atomic spectra, Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; Limitations of Bohr’s model;
  • Quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical model of an atom. Important features of Quantum mechanical model of atom;

• CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

  3 of 4 topics

  • Need to classify elements - Genesis of periodic classification, Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table;
  • Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than100;Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d and f blocks;
  • Trends in physical properties:(a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius (c) Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) Ionization enthalpy, (e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity;

• CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

  3 of 9 topics

  • Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bonding, Octet rule, Lewis representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule;
  • Ionic or electrovalent bond - Factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds- Crystal structure of sodium chloride, Lattice Enthalpy: General properties of ionic compounds;
  • Bond Parameters - bond length ,bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance- Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory;

• STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS

  3 of 4 topics

  • GASES AND LIQUIDS: Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy; Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions; The Gaseous State; The Gas Laws; Ideal gas equation; Graham’s law of diffusion - Dalton’s Law of partial pressures;
  • Kinetic molecular theory of gases; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas laws from Kinetic gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds, Kinetic Energy,
  • Behaviour of real gases - Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour - Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real gases; Liquification of gases, Liquid state, Vapour Pressure, Surface tension,

• STOICHIOMETRY

  3 of 5 topics

  • Significant figures, Laws of Chemical Combinations - Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Atomic and molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass
  • Concept of equivalent weight; Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations- limiting reagent;
  • Methods of Expressing concentrations of solutions- mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality; Redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions,

• THERMODYNAMICS

  3 of 6 topics

  • Thermodynamic Terms; The system and the surroundings; Types of systems and surroundings; The state of the system; The Internal Energy as a State Function. (a)Work (b) Heat (c) The general case,
  • the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications; Work; Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function; Extensive and intensive properties; The relationship between Cp and Cv; Measurement of∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry;
  • Enthalpy change, ∆rH of reactions- reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) Enthalpy changes during transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy of formation,

• CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES

  3 of 6 topics

  • Equilibrium in Physical process; Equilibrium in chemical process - Dynamic Equilibrium; Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of mass action and Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria,
  • Equilibrium constant in gaseous systems. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K,
  • reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids,

• HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

  3 topics

  • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; Dihydrogen-Occurrence and Isotopes; Preparation and properties of dihydrogen, uses of H2, Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides;
  • Water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice. Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, Temporary and permanent hardness of water; Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation, properties, structure, storage and uses
  • Heavy Water; Hydrogen as a fuel

• THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

  3 of 7 topics

  • Group 1 Elements :Alkali metals; Electronic configurations; Atomic and Ionic radii; Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties; Chemical properties; Uses;
  • General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo Acids; Anomalous properties of Lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, Diagonal relationship;
  • similarities between Lithium and Magnesium; Some important compounds of Sodium: Sodium Chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Bicarbonate, Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium

• p- BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)

  2 topics

  • General introduction – Electronic configuration, atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical properties Aluminum reactivity towards acids & alkalies,
  • Important trends and anomalous properties of boron; Some important compounds of Boron- Borax, orthoboric acid, Diborane, Uses of boron, aluminum, and their compounds

• p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)

  2 topics

  • General introduction – Electronic configuration, atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; Allotropes of carbon;
  • Uses of carbon; Some important compounds of Carbon and Silicon: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Silica, Silicones, Silicates, Zeolites

• Environmental Chemistry

  2 topics

  • Definition of terms: Air, Water, Soil Pollutions, Environmental Pollution, Atmospheric Pollution, Acid rain, Particulate pollutants, Stratospheric pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution,
  • Strategies to control Environmental pollution, Green Chemistry

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND HYDRO CARBONS

  3 of 10 topics

  • General introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds; Structural representations of organic compounds; Classification of organic compounds; Nomenclature of organic compounds; Isomerism;
  • Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; Fission of covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Electron movements in organic reactions; Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect,
  • resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyper conjugation; Types of Organic reactions; Methods of purification of Organic compounds, Qualitative elemental analysis of Organic compounds,

• SOLID STATE

  3 of 6 topics

  • General characteristics of solid state; Amorphous and crystalline solids; Classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids);
  • Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography; Crystal lattices and unit cells. Bravais lattices primitive and centered unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive,
  • body centered and face centered cubic unit cell);Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension,

• SOLUTIONS

  3 of 5 topics

  • Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality;
  • Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid- liquid solutions
  • Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; Ideal and non-ideal solutions;

• ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS

  3 of 6 topics

  • Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells: measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation- equilibrium constant from Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction;
  • Conductance of electrolytic solutions-measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration-strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes-applications of Kohlrausch’s law;
  • Electrolytic cells and electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of electrolysis; Batteries: primary batteries and secondary batteries, Fuel cells, Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy

• SURFACE CHEMISTRY

  3 of 5 topics

  • Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption- mechanism of adsorption- types of adsorption- characteristics of physisorption- characteristics of chemisorption- adsorption isotherms- adsorption from solution phase- applications of adsorption;
  • Catalysis: Catalysts,
  • promoters and poisons-autocatalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis-adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis- important features of solid catalysts: (a)activity (b)selectivity- shape-selective catalysis by zeolites- enzyme catalysis-characteristics and mechanism- catalysts in industry Colloids: Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium-classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium- classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase- multimolecular,

• GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY

  3 topics

  • Occurrence of metals; Concentration of ores- levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation leaching; Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal;
  • Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram-limitations- applications-extraction of iron, copper and zinc from their oxides; Electrochemical principles of metallurgy; Oxidation and reduction;
  • Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining; Uses of aluminum, copper, zinc and iron

• p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

  3 of 8 topics

  • Group-15 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses;
  • Compounds of nitrogen-preparation, properties, and uses of ammonia; Oxides of nitrogen; Preparation and properties of nitric acid; Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine- preparation and properties; Phosphorous halides;
  • Oxoacids of phosphorous; Phosphorous halides & Oxo acids of phosphorous Group-16 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity,

• d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

  3 of 10 topics

  • d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of the d-block elements; General properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties,
  • variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series, ionization enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states,
  • chemical reactivity and E θ values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation;

• POLYMERS

  3 of 6 topics

  • Classification of Polymers -Classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization;
  • Types of polymerization reactions- addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization- Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism-preparation of addition polymers- polythene,
  • Teflon and poly acrylonitrile- condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization-polyamides- preparation of Nylon 6,6 and nylon 6-polyesters- terylene- bakelite, melamine,

• BIOMOLECULES

  3 of 6 topics

  • Carbohydrates-Classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides: preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-Properties and structure of glucose-D, L configurations and (+),
  • (-) configurations of glucose-Structure of fructose; Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure; Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose- Polysaccharides: Structures of starch,
  • cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates; Amino acids: Natural amino acids- classification of amino acids-structures and D and L forms-Zwitterions; Proteins-Structures, classification,

• CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAYLIFE- Drugs and their classification

  3 of 4 topics

  • (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect (b) Classification of drugs on the basis of drug action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets;
  • Drug-Target interaction-Enzymes as drug targets (a) Catalytic action of enzymes (b) Drug-enzyme interaction Receptors as drug targets; Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines,
  • neurologically active drugs: tranquilizers, analgesics– non- narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants- antifertility drugs; Chemicals in food- artificial sweetening agents,

• HALO ALKANES AND HALO ARENES

  3 of 5 topics

  • Classification and nomenclature; Nature of C- X bond; Methods of preparation: Alkylhalides and arylhalides-from alcohols,
  • from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction) (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions (Finkelstein reaction,
  • Swarts reaction); Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility;

• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLICACIDS)

  3 of 13 topics

  • Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Alcohols, phenols and ethers-classification; Nomenclature: (a)Alcohols, (b) phenols and (c) ethers; Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups;
  • Methods of preparation: Alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; Phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical properties of alcohols and phenols;
  • Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond in alcohols-Acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3,

• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

  3 of 6 topics

  • Amines: Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature; Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides,
  • Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; Physical properties; Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid,
  • reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines (aniline)-bromination, nitration and sulphonation. DIAZONIUM SALTS- Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization);

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