GAT-B & BET

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

• PART-B SYLLABUS

  128 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Biomolecules-structure and functions
  • Biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes
  • Enzymes- classification, kinetics and mechanism of action
  • Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain
  • Bioenergetics

इस विषय के 128 टॉपिक में से 5 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 128 टॉपिक देखें →

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

आधिकारिक पाठ्यक्रम के मानकीकरण तक टॉपिक प्रतीक्षित हैं।

• Biomolecular structure and function

  21 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Covalent structure of Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids
  • Forces that stabilize biomolecules: electrostatic and van der Waal’s interaction, hydrogen bonding
  • Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect
  • Protein Structure: Structural characteristics of α-helix, β-sheet and β-turn
  • Ramachandran plot

• Methods in Biotechnology

  25 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements
  • Concept of signal to noise ratio
  • Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency
  • Fundamental ideas of probability and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions
  • Concept of the Central Limit Theorem

• Organization of structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  8 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Cell wall and Cell Membrane: physical structure of model membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, other constituents
  • diffusion, osmosis, active transport, regulation of intracellular transport and electrical properties
  • Structural organization and functions of cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Chloroplast, peroxisomes, vacuoles
  • Cytoskeletons structure and motility function
  • Organization of genomes: genes and chromosomes, Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons

• Cellular processes

  18 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination)
  • Transcription of various types of RNAs and their processing and modifications
  • Transcription factors and machinery including RNA polymerases, formation of initiation complex, elongation and termination of transcription
  • Regulation of transcription: activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions
  • Structure and function of different types of RNA and mRNPs

• Recombinant DNA Technology

  14 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology
  • Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA
  • Various methods of separation, characterization of nucleic acids including Southern and Northern hybridizations
  • Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems
  • Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors and their purification

• Genetics, Phylogeny & Evolution

  8 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Chromosomal inheritance: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, linkage and cross-over, sex-linked inheritance, Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  • Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal inheritance (mitochondria and chloroplast)
  • Gene concept: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoalleles
  • Genetic analysis: Linkage maps, mapping with molecular markers, tetrad analysis, gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, transduction, sex-duction, fine structure analysis of gene
  • Mutation: Spontaneous, induced, lethal, conditional, reversion, mutagenic suppression, germinal and somatic mutation, insertion, deletion, duplication, translocation, transposition, ploidy

• Genomics and Proteomics

  39 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Introduction to Genomics: Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes - nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes
  • Computational analysis of sequences- finding genes and regulatory regions
  • Gene annotation
  • Similarity searches
  • Pairwise and multiple alignments

• IPR, Biosafety & Bioethics

  53 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of New GMOs
  • International framework for the protection of IP
  • IP as a factor in R&D
  • IPs of relevance to Biotechnology and few Case Studies
  • Introduction to History of GATT, WTO, WIPO and TRIPS

इस विषय के 186 टॉपिक में से 40 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 186 टॉपिक देखें →

• Plant Biology, physiology, molecular biology and seed technology

  40 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Plant cell structure and function, phloem transport, plant storage proteins and protein biosynthesis, natural pesticides
  • Concept of plasticity in plant development
  • Analyzing plant growth
  • Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
  • Tropisms

• Tissue Culture, Transgenic Technologies and Biotechnology

  45 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Totipotency
  • Tissue culture media
  • Plant hormones and morphogenesis
  • embryogenesis
  • Cell suspension culture

• Molecular Breeding and Genomics

  15 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Principles of plant breeding, breeding for self and cross pollinated crops
  • Heterosis breeding limitations of conventional breeding
  • Molecular markers: Restriction based and PCR based
  • DNA profiling using different assays- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, SNP etc. Development of SCAR and SSR markers
  • Gene flow in plants: Development of mapping population - Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), screening and validation

• Abiotic and Biotic Stress Biology

  5 टॉपिक

  • Abiotic stress: Acclimation and crop adaptation to water, salinity, photo oxidative, heavy metal, heat and cold, nutrient stress
  • Metabolite engineering for abiotic stress tolerance, Functional genomics of stress tolerance
  • Induced systemic tolerance
  • Biotic stress: Plant response to pathogens and herbivores, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance , toxins of fungi and bacteria, systemic and induced resistance, pathogen derived resistance, signaling - gene for gene hypothesis, genetic engineering for biotic stress resistance, gene pyramiding
  • Induced systemic resistance, systemic acquired resistance

• Biodiversity

  12 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Biodiversity Act 2002
  • Agricultural biodiversity
  • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA)
  • Conservation strategies for seed gene bank
  • Climate change and conservation of plant genetic resources

इस विषय के 117 टॉपिक में से 25 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 117 टॉपिक देखें →

• Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

  4 टॉपिक

  • Hormone cell interactions, endocrine control of development of various organs
  • Properties of different body fluids, metabolism and homeostasis
  • Role of enzymes in metabolic regulation, activation, inhibition and covalent modification
  • Specificity of enzyme actions

• Histology and Embryology

  4 टॉपिक

  • Systematic histology including microscopic structures of organs of different systems of domestic animals
  • Reproductive system of males and females
  • Embryo culture and transfer technology, somatic cell nuclear transfer, embryonic stem cells, transgenic animal production
  • Induction and synchronization of estrus, superovulation, oocyte collection and grading

• Animal Parasitology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Host parasite interactions, transmission of parasites, parasite specificity, tissue reaction, protozoa and their development
  • Parasitic infections of domestic animals

• Animal Virology

  3 टॉपिक

  • DNA and RNA viruses causing diseases in livestock and poultry
  • Immunity to viral infections
  • Development of laboratory animal models of virus infections

• Immunology

  3 टॉपिक

  • Immunity to bacterial and viral infections of animals
  • Cells of immune system, clinical and transplantation immunology, tumor immunology and immunodeficiency
  • Nude and SCID mice biology and immunosuppression

• Pathology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Cellular pathology, cell necrosis and apoptosis
  • Pathogenesis and microscopic pathology of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of domestic animals and poultry

• Animal Genetics

  4 टॉपिक

  • Animal breeding, out breeding and inbreeding, open nucleus breeding systems
  • Conservation of germplasm, breeding of laboratory animals, genetic health monitoring
  • Concept of production of specific pathogen free (SPF) and germ free laboratory animals
  • Development of various chimeras

• Molecular Medicine and Surgery

  5 टॉपिक

  • Anesthesia and anesthetic drugs
  • Management of shock, hemorrhage, principles of fluid therapy
  • Surgical techniques in laboratory animals
  • Imaging, contrast radiography, biological effects of radiation, radiation hazards and their prevention
  • Isotopes and their uses in diagnosis and therapy

• Molecular Diagnostics

  2 टॉपिक

  • Concept of molecular diagnosis of pathogens, detection of animal pathogen in environmental systems and in animal feeds
  • Molecular diagnostics for detection of tumor

• Research Methodologies

  3 टॉपिक

  • Biochemical and immunological techniques
  • Application of radioactive isotopes in biological research
  • Cell culture technology, specialized culture techniques such as 3-D cultures, cell senescence, cell differentiation, transdifferentiation, culture of fastidious cells, cancer stem cells, cell cloning and selection, cell culture technology in production of animal viral vaccines and pharmaceutical proteins

• Introductory Mathematics

  1 टॉपिक

  • Calculus review, Ordinary differential equations, Second and higher order differential equations, Linear algebra, Numerical methods

• Engineering Principles

  1 टॉपिक

  • Material and energy balance, Steady state energy and material balance, Properties of substances, Introduction to transport phenomena, momentum transfer, heat and mass transfer, Introduction to mass transfer equipments

• Thermodynamics in Biological Systems

  2 टॉपिक

  • First and second law of thermodynamics, Biological systems as open non-equilibrium systems, Failure of classical thermodynamics in describing biological processes, Concepts of thermodynamics flux and force, Concept of entropy production, Constitutive equations, Thermodynamics of coupled biochemical reactions, Thermodynamic analysis of oxidative phosphorylation, Glycolytic oscillations
  • biological clocks

• Bioprocess Engineering and Technology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Principles of microbial growth and factors affecting growth, Growth kinetics and substrate utilization in batch, fed-batch and continuous systems, Introduction to bioreactors: batch and fed-batch, plug flow, continuous, enzyme reactors, Sterilization, Mass transfer of oxygen, aeration and agitation, fluid rheology, Fermentation technology (Description of industrial processes: antibiotics, organic acids, alcohol, bioplastics, vitamins, enzymes
  • biotransformation of steroids, Basics of neutrigenomics – food-gene interactions, Process flow sheet and process economics

• Downstream Processing in Biotechnology

  1 टॉपिक

  • Biomass removal and disruption, Precipitation by salts, solvents, Membrane based purification, Adsorption and chromatography, Extraction (solvent, aqueous two-phase, super critical), Drying

• Bioprocess Plant Design

  3 टॉपिक

  • General design information, Material and energy balance, Process flow sheet, Scale up and scale down issues, Scale up and downstream processes
  • Selection and specifications of bioprocess equipments, Facility design aspects
  • Utilities, Process economics

• Major Bioinformatics Resources

  1 टॉपिक

  • Sequence databases, Gene Expression database: GEO, SAGE, 3D Structure Database: PDB, NDB, Knowledge driven Databases & utility, Pattern Sequence: InterPro, Prosite, Pfam, ProDom, Gene Ontology

• Database Searches

  1 टॉपिक

  • Keyword-based searches using tools like ENTREZ and SRS Sequence-based searches: BLAST and FASTA

• Sequence Analysis, Basic concepts

  1 टॉपिक

  • Sequence similarity, identity and similarity, definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues, Tandem and Interspersed repeats, repeat finding

• Scoring Matrix, Pairwise sequence alignments, Multiple sequence alignments (MSA), Application in Taxonomy and phylogeny, Comparative genomics

  0 टॉपिक

• Structural Biology

  2 टॉपिक

  • 3-D structure visualization and simulation, Basic concepts in molecular modeling: different types of computer representations of molecules
  • External coordinates and Internal Coordinates, Molecular Mechanics, Force fields etc

• Proteins

  1 टॉपिक

  • Secondary structure elucidation using Peptide bond, phi, psi and chi torsion angles, Ramachandran map, anatomy of proteins – Hierarchical organization of protein structure –like CATH,SCOP, FSSP

• DNA & RNA secondary and tertiary structures, t-RNA tertiary structure

  0 टॉपिक

• Classification and comparison of protein 3D structures

  3 टॉपिक

  • Secondary structure prediction: Algorithms viz. Chou Fasman, GOR methods, Tertiary Structure prediction: Fundamentals of the methods for 3D structure prediction (sequence similarity/identity of target proteins of known structure, fundamental principles of protein folding etc.) Homology/comparative Modeling, fold recognition, threading approaches, and ab initio structure prediction methods
  • CASP
  • Computational design of Promoters, Proteins & Enzymes

• Application in drug design

  4 टॉपिक

  • Chemical databases like NCI /PUBCHEM
  • Fundamentals of Receptor-ligand interactions
  • Structure-based drug design: Identification and Analysis of Binding sites and virtual screening
  • Ligand based drug design: Structure Activity Relationship – QSARs & Pharmacophore etc. In silico predictions of drug activity and ADMET

• Basic Ecological Concepts and Principles

  2 टॉपिक

  • Ecosystem: types, development and evolution
  • Homeostasis, energy transfer in ecosystem, Energy budget, trophic structure, food chain, food web, ecological efficiency, biogeochemical cycles

• Chemistry of organic and inorganic chemicals polluting Environment (air, water and soil)

  0 टॉपिक

• Environmental Pollution

  2 टॉपिक

  • Types, Detection and Measurement of Pollutants
  • Environmental monitoring techniques

• Water Pollution

  1 टॉपिक

  • sources, measurement and management

• Waste Water Treatment systems

  2 टॉपिक

  • primary, secondary and tertiary treatments
  • Biological Treatment Processes, Biochemistry and Microbiology of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment, Bioreactors for waste water treatment,,Disinfection and Disposal

• Treatment of Typical Industrial Effluents

  1 टॉपिक

  • Dairy, Distillery, Sugar, and Antibiotic Industries

• Management of municipal, biomedical and agricultural solid waste

  0 टॉपिक

• Environmental Pollution control

  1 टॉपिक

  • concepts of bioaugmentation, biostimulation, biodegradation, biosorption, biofilms in the bioremediation of xenobiotics, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals, evolution of biodegradative pathways

• Environment friendly technologies

  2 टॉपिक

  • Biosurfactants, biofertilizers,biopesticides, microbially enhanced oil recovery, resource management, integrated waste management
  • production of biomass, biogas and biofuel from waste

• Pollution monitoring

  2 टॉपिक

  • chemical, biological and molecular methods
  • Environmental impact assessment, Biodiversity and its conservation, GMOs and Biosafety

• Global environmental problems

  1 टॉपिक

  • Ozone depletion, UV-B and green house gases

• Important marine organisms and their behavior

  6 टॉपिक

  • Introduction to marine environment
  • Marine flora - phytoplankton, seaweeds, sea grasses and mangroves - their characteristics and identification
  • Marine fauna–zooplankton
  • Major marine invertebrates (crustaceans & molluscs)
  • Vertebrates (Pisces) and marine mammals (dolphin and whales) - characteristics and identification
  • Biology - food & feeding - age & growth - reproduction - life history of crustaceans, molluscs and fishes

• Marine resources assessment

  2 टॉपिक

  • Methods of surveying the living resources (Acoustic, Aerial and Remote sensing)
  • Principal methods of exploitation (Indigenous and modern crafts & gears)

• Population study and marine environment protection

  10 टॉपिक

  • Population dynamics - Principles of population dynamics
  • Unit stocks
  • Age & size composition of the population
  • Abundance and density
  • Recruitment
  • Growth
  • Mortality (fishing & natural)
  • Conservation and management-in situ and ex situ
  • Marine biosphere reserves
  • Marine parks - heritage sites

• Oceanography

  5 टॉपिक

  • Physical
  • Temperature, salinity and density – horizontal, vertical and temporal variations
  • waves, tides and currents, upwelling
  • Chemical
  • nutrient cycle, metals, minerals and trace elements Biological-primary and secondary productivity, finfish and shellfish resources

• Types of marine microbes and their biology

  3 टॉपिक

  • Structure of Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses
  • Classification of microbes (Genetic level) –conventional and modern methods
  • Biology of microorganisms used in genetic engineering (Escherichia coil, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phage lambda)

• Microbial Assessment

  4 टॉपिक

  • Methods of studying the marine microorganisms - Methods of collection, enumeration (total and viable counts), Isolation, culture & identification based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics
  • Preservation of marine microbes
  • Culture Collection Centres (ATCC, IMTECH, NCCS-MCC etc.)
  • Microbial nutrition - influence of environment factors on microbial growth, activity and distribution

• Role of microbes in marine environment

  4 टॉपिक

  • Microbial nitrogen fixation
  • Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycle
  • Decomposition of organic matter
  • Bioleaching and biodeteroriation of natural and synthetic materials

• Microbial metabolites

  2 टॉपिक

  • Microbes of biotechnological importance
  • Primary and secondary metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics, organic acid, toxins etc.)

• Microbial interaction

  3 टॉपिक

  • Seafood microbiology - normal genera associated with fish, food spoilage, fish & human pathogens
  • Indicator of pollution - faecal coliforms
  • prevention & control

• Culture systems and hatchery techniques

  10 टॉपिक

  • Importance of coastal aquaculture
  • Aquafarms: design and construction
  • Criteria for selecting cultivable species
  • Culture systems and management practices – extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture practices
  • Seed production in controlled condition
  • Types
  • Design and management of hatchery –induced spawning
  • Mass production of seeds
  • Live feed culture technique and feed formulation
  • Artificial insemination - in vitro fertilization

• Introduction to marine pharmacology

  2 टॉपिक

  • Terms and definitions
  • Medicinal compounds from marine flora and fauna - marine toxins, antiviral and antimicrobial agents

• Manipulation and microbial techniques

  9 टॉपिक

  • Chromosome manipulation in aquaculture – hybridization
  • Ploidy induction
  • Gynogenesis, Androgenesis and sex reversal in commercially important fishes
  • Application of microbial biotechnology in culture ponds
  • Bioaugmentation
  • Bioremediation for soil and water quality improvement - nutrient cycling
  • bio-fertilization
  • Probiotics – Immunostimulants
  • Regulation of bacterial growth

• Disease diagnosis

  8 टॉपिक

  • Tools for disease diagnosis in cultivable organisms
  • Enzyme immunoassays
  • Dot immunobinding assay
  • Western blotting
  • Latex agglutination test
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • DNA based diagnosis
  • Cryopreservation

• Marine organisms and environment interaction

  3 टॉपिक

  • Types of marine environment - Physical, Chemical and Biological aspects and their interaction with marine life
  • Air – Sea interaction
  • Green house gases (CO2 and Methane)

• Pollution & Biomaterial interaction

  7 टॉपिक

  • Marine pollution-major pollutants (heavy metal, pesticide, oil, thermal, radioactive, plastics, litter and microbial)
  • Biological indicators (Marine microbes, algae and crustaceans) and accumulators: Application of protein biomarkers
  • Biosensors and biochips
  • Biodegradation and Bioremediation
  • Biodegradation of natural and synthetic waste materials
  • Bioremediation
  • Separation, purification and bio removal of pollutants

• Fouling and corrosion

  6 टॉपिक

  • Biofouling
  • Biofilm formation
  • Marine fouling and boring organisms - their biology, adaptation
  • Factors influencing the settlement of macrofoulers
  • Antifouling and Anti boring treatments
  • Corrosion process and control of marine structures

• Wastewater bio-treatment

  6 टॉपिक

  • BOD, COD
  • Biosensors
  • Biomolecules
  • membrane and transducer
  • Bioaugmentation-estimation of microbial load
  • Methods of inorganic and organic waste removal

इस विषय के सभी 90 टॉपिक दिखाए गए हैं।कम टॉपिक दिखाएँ

• Vaccinology

  9 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Active and passive immunization
  • Live, killed, attenuated, sub unit vaccines
  • Vaccine technology- Role and properties of adjuvants, recombinant DNA and protein based vaccines, plant-based vaccines, reverse vaccinology
  • Peptide vaccines, conjugate vaccines
  • Antibody genes and antibody engineering- chimeric and hybrid monoclonal antibodies

• Immunotechnology

  12 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Kinetics of immune response, memory
  • Principles of Immunization
  • Techniques for analysis of Immune response
  • Immunochemistry of Antigens - Immunogenicity, Antigenicity, haptens, Toxins-Toxiods, Hapten carrier system
  • Genetic bases of immune response – Heterogenecity

• CMI and Imaging techniques

  11 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • CD nomenclature, Identification of immune Cells
  • Principle of Immunofluoresence Microscopy, Flurochromes
  • Staining techniques for live cell imaging and fixed cells
  • Flow cytometry, Instrumentation, Applications
  • Cell Functional Assays – lymphoproliferation, Cell Cytotoxicity, mixed lymphocyte reaction, Apoptosis, Cytokine expression

• Genetics in Medical Practice

  5 टॉपिक

  • Genetic Principles and their application in medical practice
  • Case studies (Interacting with patients, learning family history and drawing pedigree chart)
  • Syndromes and disorders: Definition and their genetic basis
  • Molecular pathology of monogenic diseases: Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sach’s Syndrome & Marfan Syndrome
  • Genetics of diseases due to Inborn an errors of metabolism: Phenylketonuria, Galactosemia & Mucopolysaccharidosis

• Genetics of Neurogenetic disorders

  2 टॉपिक

  • Charcot-Marie tooth syndrome, Spino-muscular atrophy, Alzheimer’s disease & Syndromes due to triplet nucleotide expansion, Genetic basis of muscle disorders: Dystrophies (Duchenne Muscular dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy), Myotonians & Myopathies
  • Genetic disorders of Haemopoitic systems: Overview of hematopoisis, Blood cell types and haemoglobin, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemias & Hemophilias

• Genetic basis of eye disorders

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Colour Blindness, Retinitis pigmentose, Glaucoma & Cataracts
  • Genetics of skeleton & skin disorders
  • Genetics of Syndromes & Genomic Imprinting
  • Neurofibromatosis I, Prader-Willi & Angleman syndromes, Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome
  • Genetics of Cancers and cancer-prone syndromes

• Complex polygenic syndromes

  7 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes mellitus
  • Mitochondrial syndromes
  • Management of genetic disorder
  • Genetic counseling
  • Historical overview (philosophy & ethos) and components of genetic counseling: Indications for and purpose

• Components of genetic counseling

  7 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Physical examination (General and dysmorphology examination, Documentation), Legal and ethical considerations
  • Patterns of inheritance, risk assessment and counseling in common Mendelian and multifactor syndromes
  • Genetics testing : biochemical & molecular tests: in children, Presymptomatic testing for late onset diseases (predictive medicine)
  • Prenatal and Preimplantation screening and diagnosis: Indications for prenatal diagnosis, Indications for chromosomal testing, Noninvasive methods (Ultrasound, Embryoscopy, MRI, etc.) Invasive methods
  • Prenatal screening for Down’s syndrome (maternal serum) & Neural tube defect

• Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

  10 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Amoebiasis
  • Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis
  • Intestinal infection by nematodes
  • Intestinal infection by cestodes (taeniasis and H.nana infection)
  • Trematodes

• Infections of the Respiratory system

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Streptococcal infections
  • Viral infections
  • Diphtheria
  • Whooping cough
  • Bacterial pneumonias (Haemophilus and GNB, Pneumococcus/Legionella/ etc)

• Pyrexial Illness

  9 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Malaria
  • Kala-azar
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Filaria
  • Enteric fever

• Infections of the Nervous System

  4 टॉपिक

  • Viral encephalitis and Aseptic meningitis
  • Rabies
  • Cysticercosis and other CNS parasitic infections
  • Tetanus

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Congenital Infections

  8 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Herpes Simplex virus infections
  • HIV infection and AIDS
  • Chlamydial infection
  • Syphilis
  • Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infection

• Host pathogen interactions in disease process

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Protective immune response in Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic diseases
  • Cancer
  • Inappropriate Immune response
  • Disease pathology and clinical spectrum
  • Clinical diagnosis of diseases

• DNA based diagnosis

  8 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Biochemical disorders
  • Immune, Genetic and Neurological disorders
  • Molecular techniques for analysis of these disorders
  • Assays for the Diagnosis of inherited diseases
  • DNA sequencing and diagnosis

• Antibody based diagnosis

  4 टॉपिक

  • Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic reagents
  • Production of monoclonal antibodies with potential for diagnosis
  • Diagnosis of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases by using
  • ELISA and Western blot

• Proteomics based diagnosis

  4 टॉपिक

  • Protein profiling for disease diagnosis
  • 2D analysis of isolated proteins associated with disease by sequencing individual spots by Mass Spectrometry
  • Protein Micro array
  • Present methods for diagnosis of Specific diseases like Tuberculosis, Malaria and AIDS

• Gene therapy

  4 टॉपिक

  • Intracellular barriers to gene delivery
  • Overview of inherited and acquired diseases for gene therapy
  • Retro- and adeno- virus mediated gene transfer
  • Liposome and nanoparticles mediated gene delivery

• Cellular therapy

  8 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Stem cells: definition, properties and potency of stem cells
  • Sources: embryonic and adult stem cells
  • Concept of tissue engineering
  • Role of scaffolds
  • Role of growth factors

• Recombinant therapy

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Clinical applications of recombinant technology
  • Erythropoietin
  • Insulin analogs and its role in diabetes
  • Recombinant human growth hormone
  • Streptokinase and urokinase in thrombosis

• Immunotherapy

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Monoclonal antibodies and their role in cancer
  • Role of recombinant interferons
  • Immunostimulants
  • Immunosupressors in organ transplants
  • Role of cytokine therapy in cancers

• Gene silencing technology

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Antisense therapy
  • siRNA
  • Tissue and organ transplantation
  • Transgenics and their uses
  • Cloning

• Human disease genes

  14 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • DNA polymorphism including those involved in disease
  • Hemoglobin and anemia
  • Phenylketonuria (monogenic) and diabetes (multigenic) genetic disorders
  • ’disease’ gene vs. ’susceptibility’ gene
  • SNP detection: hybridization based assays (allele specific probes)

इस विषय के 162 टॉपिक में से 108 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 162 टॉपिक देखें →

• Cell Biology and Cytogenetics

  3 टॉपिक

  • Tissue culture techniques: Composition of media, cultures for prenatal, and postnatal cytogenetic diagnosis
  • Chromosomal analysis: Chromosome preparation and chromosome banding techniques, International system for human chromosome nomenclature
  • Mechanisms of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations, chromosomal and non-chromosomal basis of sex determination

• Principles of Genetics

  14 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Mendelism and its extensions: Law of segregation, Law of independent assortment, Chromosomal basis of segregation and independent assortment, Linkage, Crossing over and recombination, Multiple allelism, Pleiotropy, Cytoplasmic inheritance
  • Pedigree analysis, patterns of transmission of characters
  • Genetic mapping of Mendelian traits: Identifying recombinants and nonrecombinants in pedigrees, Genetic and physical map distances, Genetic markers, Two-point mapping-LOD score analysis, Multipoint mapping, Homozygosity mapping
  • Genetic mapping of complex traits: Difficulties in mapping complex traits, Allele sharing methods- Affected sib pair analysis, Allelic association, Linkage disequilibrium mapping
  • Physical mapping methods: Low resolution mapping- Cell hybrids, mini- and microcells, synteny of genes, Radiation hybrid mapping, Assembly of clone contigs, Identifying genes in cloned DNA, Integration of cytogenetic, genetic and physical maps

• Common genetic disorders

  1 टॉपिक

  • Chromosomal and molecular basis, minimal critical chromosomal regions and genes, and clinical features of the following syndromes: Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Phenylketonuria, Alzheimer’s disease, Duchanne muscular disorder, Sickle cell anemia, Diabetes mellitus

• Human Genome

  3 टॉपिक

  • The Genome project: History, organization and goals of human genome project, Mapping strategies, current status of various maps, DNA segment nomenclature, Human genome diversity, human genome databases
  • Organization of human genome: Mitochondrial genome, Gross base composition of nuclear genome, Gene density
  • CpG islands, RNA-encoding genes, Functionally identical/similar genes, Diversity in size and organization of genes, Annotation Gene families: Multigene families – Classical gene families, families with large conserved domains, families with small conserved domains, Gene superfamilies, Gene families in clusters, Pseudogenes, Repetitive DNA and transposable elements, Origin of gene families Functional genomics: Transcriptome and its analysis, Proteome and Proteomics, Gene silencing Implications of human genome on research and society

इस विषय के 21 टॉपिक में से 12 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 21 टॉपिक देखें →

• Neurons

  1 टॉपिक

  • Ultrastructure, myelination and synapses

• Glial cells

  1 टॉपिक

  • Structure and function of glial cells: astrocytes – type I & II astrocytes, fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes, Importance of astrocytes in glutamate metabolism and blood brain barrier, Functions of other glial cells: oligodendrocyte and microglial cells, Microglial phenotypes, Overview of glial and neuronal relationship in the CNS, Glial –neuronal interplay in the CNS

• Neurophysiology and Behavior

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Tools in electrophysiological studies of the brain in animals
  • animal activity monitoring
  • Different types of mazes and their application in studies on behavior, learning and memory and cognitive aspects of animals
  • Rotarod
  • grip strength meter

• Major events in early embryonic development

  3 टॉपिक

  • Embryonic origin of nervous system, early neural morphogenesis in vertebrates and invertebrates, Neural Induction: Molecular nature of the Neural inducer, Conservation of neural induction
  • Dorsal neural tube and neural crest
  • Neural crest cells and its derivatives

• Patterning, polarity and regionalization of the nervous system

  1 टॉपिक

  • Fate mapping of cell determination, differentiation of nerve cells and cell lineage, acquisition of neurotransmitter property and electrical excitability

• Birth and migration of neurons, Control of neuronal and glial cell population

  2 टॉपिक

  • Histogenesis of cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex
  • Adult neurogenesis

• Neuronal death during development

  1 टॉपिक

  • Target dependent and innervation dependent neuronal death

• Neurotrophic factors

  3 टॉपिक

  • Nerve growth factor (NGF)
  • Axon growth, path finding and nerve patterns: Growth Cone, Axonal navigation and axon elongation, Synapse formation and elimination: Selective synaptic connections: Skeletal muscle, autonomic ganglia, spinal cord and CNS
  • Denervation and regeneration of synaptic connections

• Electrical properties of excitable membranes

  4 टॉपिक

  • Basic electricity and electric circuits, neurons as conductors of electricity, equivalent circuit representation
  • Electrical properties of excitable membranes: Membrane conductance, linear and nonlinear membrane, ionic conductance, current-voltage relations
  • Ion movement in excitable cells: Physical laws, Nernst-Planck Equation, active transport of ions, movement of ions across biological membranes
  • Membrane potential and role of sodium and potassium pumps, Action potential, non-gated ion channels and generation of action potential

• Electrical properties of neurons, quantitative models of simulations, Hodgkin & Huxley's analysis of squid giant axon

  7 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Voltage-clamp experiments
  • Voltage gated channels
  • Biophysical, biochemical and molecular properties of voltage gated channels
  • Synaptic transmission at nerve-muscle synapses
  • Synaptic transmission at central synapses

• Synaptic transmission and cellular signaling

  1 टॉपिक

  • Synthesis, action and distribution of acetylcholine, catecholamine, dopamine, serotonin, and neuropeptide neurotransmitters

• Sensation and perception

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Receptors, Structure, function & connections of sensory cortex
  • Sensory Transduction: Phototransduction, olfactory transduction, taste, mechanoreception
  • Somatic sensation: Peripheral and central mechanisms Touch: somatic sensory system, mechanoreceptors and other receptors, representation of body surfaces in the brain
  • Pain: Nociceptors, control of pain, opioid peptides and pain

• Fundamentals of Motor Systems

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Spinal cord as central pattern generator
  • Posture and voluntary movement, Basal nuclei and cerebellum
  • Focusing and coordinating movement
  • Muscle, Motor neurons and Motor neuron pools: Motor neuron pools, Muscle afferents

• Chemical Control of Brain and Behavior

  1 टॉपिक

  • Role of hypothalamus, pituitary hormones and ANS

• Neural Control of the Breathing

  1 टॉपिक

  • Breathing & gas exchange, CNS & Breathing, Respiratory Rhythm Generation, Sensory Inputs and Altered Breathing, Modulation of Respiratory Motor Out-put, Suprapontine Structures and Breathing, Respiratory neurons and their discharge pattern

• Neural Control of Heart, Cardiovascular Homeostasis

  1 टॉपिक

  • The Nervous System and the Long-term control of the Cardiovascular System

• Sleep and Dreaming

  3 टॉपिक

  • The two states of sleep- slow wave and rapid eye movement
  • Circadian Timing: Pineal and Circadian Rhythms, The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Light as the Dominant Stimulus
  • Sex and behavior: Neuronal basis of sexual behaviour, Sex Hormones and Brain

• Cognitive development and aging

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Neuronal basis of object recognition
  • Spatial cognition
  • Neural system of spatial cognition: Parietal cortex, Frontal cortex, Hippocampus and adjacent cortex
  • Learning and Memory: Basic Systems

• Clinical neurochemistry and neuropathology

  15 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Molecular, genetic aspects and diagnostic characteristics
  • Neurochemical and molecular mechanisms of peripheral Neuropathy
  • Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinated disorders
  • Duchenne Muscular dystrophy, Wernicke-Korsakoft syndrome

इस विषय के 72 टॉपिक में से 49 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 72 टॉपिक देखें →

• Drug metabolism

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Biotransformation of drugs
  • microsomal and nonmicrosomal mechanisms
  • Enzymes in transformation
  • factors inhibiting and inducing enzymes

• Pharmacological screening and assays

  4 टॉपिक

  • Principles of screening-correlation between various animal models and human situation, animal ethics
  • Screening models for therapeutic areas like hypertension, cerebral ischemia, pain, epilepsy, depression, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes etc
  • Correlation between in vitro and in vivo screens, cell-based, biochemical, radiological based assays, high through put screening, pharmacokinetic analysis, reference drugs and interpretation of results
  • Animal handling-mice-guinea pig etc., route of administration of drugs-intravenous-intramuscular-intraperitoneal-intradermal etc., Dose-response relationship of drugs, determination of analgesic activity of a compound-estimation of protein and hematological parameters

• Enzymes and microbial technology

  4 टॉपिक

  • Enzymes in organic solvents and ionic liquids, biocatalysts, enzyme engineering, random and rational approach to protein engineering, Biocatalysis with different enzymes: lipase, amidase, aminopeptidase, acylase, hydantoinase, lyases, oxidoreductase, nitrilase, epoxide hydrolase, hydoxylase, aldolases, decarboxylases
  • techniques of immobilization of enzymes and whole cells-design, operation and kinetics of immobilized enzyme reactors-Diffusional resistance and Thiele’s modules- multi step immobilized enzyme systems
  • Microorganisms in degradation of xenobiotics and removal of heavy metals
  • stereo selective production of drug intermediates, biocatalyst for synthesis of some chiral pharmaceutical intermediates such as synthesis of ACE inhibitors, synthesis of anti-cholesterol drugs by biocatalytic routes, calcium channel blocking drugs, potassium-channel openers, anti-arrythmic compounds, anti-psychotic compounds, anti-infective drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antiviral drugs, prostagladin synthesis

• Biochemical engineering

  4 टॉपिक

  • Microbial growth kinetics-substrate utilization-product formation-aerobic fermentation-methods-types-fluid properties-Sterilization-methods, kinetics, batch and continuous-batch, continuous and field bioreactors
  • Mass and energy balance in microbial process-effects of dissolved oxygen
  • Dimensional analysis-heat transfer-counter current and co-current system of heat transfer, scale-up and scale down methods, problems and trouble shooting
  • Plant cell, animal cell and reactors for production of secondary metabolites and enzymes

• Downstream processing

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Separation of cell mass, centrifugation, clarification, filtration, unit operations
  • methods cell disruption-solid shear and liquid shear methods
  • Concentration methods-evaporation, distillation, crystallization, SCFE, solvent extraction, phase separation, drying etc., whole broth extraction, protein precipitation, extraction, adsorption
  • Cross flow filtration, Microfiltration, preparative isoelectric focusing

• Industrial applications

  2 टॉपिक

  • Metabolites-ethanol, acetone, citric acid, lactic acid, amino acid, polysaccharides, nucleosides and bioplastics, penicillin, cephalosporin, streptomycin, vitamins etc
  • Bioprocess-applications of enzymes in pharmaceutical industry-therapeutic and clinical analysis-production and use of glucose isomerase, amidase/amidopetidase, amylase, cellulase, penicillin acylase, lipase, oxido-reductase, hydantoinase, epoxide hydrolase, nitrlase, hydoxylase, alolases, decaboxylases etc. for production of different types of drugs and drug intermediates

इस विषय के 30 टॉपिक में से 22 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 30 टॉपिक देखें →