PTU CET

• MEASUREMENT

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of length and time
  • Atomic astronomical range of variation of these physical quantities, different methods of measurement for different magnitudes of the same physical quantity
  • SI Units
  • Statement of all SI units

• MOTION

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Displacement as a vector quantity, vectors, addition and subtraction of vectors, scalar (dot) and vector (cross) product (not to be done in depth)
  • Newton’s first law of motion, conservation of energy and momentum, collisions, kinematics, Newton’s second law and definition of force
  • Inertial and gravitational mass
  • impulse, equations of motion

• CIRCULAR MOTION

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Angular velocity, motion of a body in circular orbits, centripetal force, banking of roads, planetary motion, statement of Kepler’s laws
  • Newton’s law of gravitation, gravitational field, gravitational potential energy
  • Earth’s satellites, orbital and escape velocity
  • Rigid body rotation, moment of inertia-definition and expression for a ring and a circular disc

• LIQUIDS

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • General ideas of intermolecular forces, nature of liquids, cohesion and adhesion, surface tension, surface energy, angle of contact, capillary
  • Types of flow– Laminar and turbulent
  • Reynolds number
  • Bernoulli’s equation and its applications, viscosity

• ELASTICITY

  1 टॉपिक

  • Elastic and plastic behaviour of solids, stress, strain, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, pure shear

• UNIVERSE

  2 टॉपिक

  • The constituents of universe, planets, stars determination of their distances and masses
  • Concept of parallax, brightness, magnitude scale, luminosity, surface temperature, stellar spectra (classification), energy source of stars (concept)

• OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

  3 टॉपिक

  • Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion (SHM) kinetic and potential energy in SHM, SHM oscillations due to spring, simple pendulum
  • Wave motion, speed of wave
  • Principal of superposition, reflection of waves, standing waves, beats, Doppler effect

• KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

  2 टॉपिक

  • Basic assumption, derivation of expression for pressure, temperature
  • Translational degrees of freedom, mean energy, gas equation, specific heats of Gases, relation between Cp and Cv and (Cp-Cv=R/J)

• THERMODYNAMICS

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Work and heat, First law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes
  • Carnot cycle (qualitative)
  • efficiency of Carnot engine
  • Second law of thermodynamics

• ELECTROSTATICS

  9 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Frictional electricity
  • Charges (+ - ),conservation of charges
  • elementary unit, Coulomb’s law, dielectric constant
  • electric field, electric field due to a point charge

• CURRENT ELECTRICITY

  10 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Introduction (flow of current)
  • sources of e. m .f. (cell: simple, secondary, chargeable)
  • electric current, resistance of different materials
  • temperature dependence. thermistor

• THERMAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF CURRENTS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Electric power, heating effects of currents, chemical effects and laws of electrolysis,simple concepts of thermoelectricity

• MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENTS

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Oersted’s observation., Biot-Savart law (magnetic field due to a current element), magnetic field due to a straight wire, circular loop an a solenoid
  • Forces on moving charge in a magnetic field (Lorentz force) example
  • forces and torques on currents in a magnetic field
  • Forces between two currents

• MAGNETISM

  1 टॉपिक

  • Bar magnet (comparison with solenoid), lines of force, torque on a bar magnet in magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field, tangent galvanometer

• ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Induced e.m.f., Faraday’s law, self and mutual
  • Inductance
  • Alternating currents
  • impedance and resistance

• ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

  2 टॉपिक

  • Electromagnetic oscillation some history of e.m. waves. (Maxwell, Hertz, Bose, Marconi) Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses and propagation
  • properties of the atmosphere w.r.t. various parts of electromagnetic spectrum

• RAY OPTICS

  2 टॉपिक

  • Ray optics as a limiting case of wave optics, reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, optical fibres, curved mirrors, lenses, mirror and lens formulae
  • Dispersion, prisms, spectrometer and spectra –absorption and emission: scattering, rainbow

• WAVE OPTICS

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Wave front and Huygen’s principle
  • concept of interference
  • Diffraction and polarization
  • Young’s double slit experiment & expression

• OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Magnification and resolving power, telescope, microscope

• ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Discovery of electron, e/m for an electron charge of an electron, electrical conduction in gases, particle nature of light, Einstein’s photoelectric equation

• ATOMS AND NUCLEI

  4 टॉपिक

  • Rutherford model of the atom
  • Bohr’s model, Energy quantization
  • hydrogen spectrum, composition of a nucleus
  • atomic masses, isotopes, size of a nucleus, radioactivity, Mass-energy relation, fission, fusion, nuclear reactor, nuclear holocaust

• SOLIDS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Structure of crystalline solids, idea of a lattice, cubic and hexagonal crystal structures, packing in crystals

• SEMINCONDUCTOR DEVICES

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Energy bands in solids conductor
  • insulators and semiconductors
  • p - n junction Diode
  • Junction Transistor

इस विषय के 95 टॉपिक में से 65 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 95 टॉपिक देखें →

• NUMBER SYSTEM

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Statements of algebraic and order properties of the system of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers and real numbers and simple basic deductions from theses properties
  • Complex numbers
  • Representation of complex numbers as points in a plane
  • Algebra of complex numbers

• CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

  15 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Distance formula and section formula
  • Equation of line in a plane
  • General equation of first degree
  • Angle between two lines

• VECTORS

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Vector as a directed line segment
  • Addition of Vector
  • Multiplication of a Vector by a real number
  • Position Vector of a point

• THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

  10 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Decomposition of a vector into three non-coplanar directions i, j, k as base in 3-dimensons
  • Angle between two vectors
  • Distance between two points
  • Section formula

• TRIGONOMETRY

  9 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Angles and their measure in degrees and radians
  • Trigonometric functions of angles of arbitrary magnitude
  • Addition formulae
  • Sine, cosine, and tangent of multiples and sub multiples of angles

• QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

  4 टॉपिक

  • Quadratic equations and their solutions
  • Relationship between the roots and the coefficients
  • Formation of quadratic equations with given roots
  • Criteria for the nature of the roots of quadratic equation

• SEQUENCES AND SERIES

  1 टॉपिक

  • AP, GP, n2, n3 and their sums

• EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC SERIES

  1 टॉपिक

  • The infinite series for e, log (1+x), log[1+x)/(1-x)]

• PERMUTATIONS, COMBINATIONS AND BINOMIAL THEOREM

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Elementary study of combinations
  • Values of npr and ncr, simple applications including circular permutations
  • Binomial theorem for a positive integral index and its proof
  • Statement only for the binomial theorem for an arbitrary index and its application to approximations

• MATRICES AND DETERNINANTS

  9 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Addition, scalar multiplication and multiplication of matrices, non-computability of matrix multiplication
  • Singular and non-singular matrices
  • Linear equations in matrix notations
  • Determinants: minors and cofactors

• DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of real function, its domain and range, one-one and inverse functions, composition of functions
  • Notions of right hand and left hand limits and the limits of a function
  • Fundamental theorems on limits
  • Continuity of a function

• DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

  14 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Order and degree, formation of differential equation, general and particular solution, solution by the method of variables, separable
  • Homogeneous equations and their solutions
  • Solution of the linear equation of the first order with constant coefficients
  • Integration as the inverse of differentiation

• STATISTICS

  2 टॉपिक

  • Population and sample, Measures of central tendency and dispersion, Point and internal estimation(of mean only), Scatter diagrams and Pearson's correlation coefficients
  • Calculations of the regression coefficients and the two lines of regression by the method of least squares

• PROBABILITY

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Random experiments and sample space, Events
  • Probability on a discrete sample space, addition theorem
  • Conditional Probability, multiplication theorem
  • Independent events

इस विषय के 102 टॉपिक में से 48 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 102 टॉपिक देखें →

• ATOMS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Measurements in Chemistry (Significant figures, S.I. Units)
  • Mole concept, Nature of light and electromagnetic waves
  • atomic spectra, Bohr model, line spectra ( a brief idea). In adequacy of Bohr’s Model
  • concept of an atomic orbital

• PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS

  3 टॉपिक

  • Periodic law, long form of periodic table
  • Periodicity in properties like atomic radii and volume, ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity
  • Division of elements into s, p, d and f blocks

• CHEMICAL BONDING ANDMOLECULAR STRUCTURE

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of orbital overlap in bond formation
  • sigma and pi bonds shapes. Of molecules (VSEPR) Theory
  • hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, sp3d, sp3d2)
  • properties of covalent compounds

• CHEMISTRY OF REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

  12 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • The chemistry of s and p block elements with reference to general trends in physical and chemical properties
  • anomalous behavior of first member of each group
  • diagonal relationship
  • Group 1 Elements: - Alkali metals

• TRANSITION METALS INCLUDING LANTHANIDES

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Electronic configuration: General characteristics properties with special reference to color, magnetism, complex formation and oxidation states
  • First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds (oxides, halides and suplhides)
  • Inner transition elements
  • general feature: Chemistry of iron

• COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND ORGANOMETALLICS

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Coordination Compounds nomenclature
  • Isomerism in Coordination compounds
  • Bonding in Coordination compounds
  • Valence Bond Theory Application of Coordination Compounds: Compounds containing metal carbon bonds

• CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Energy changes during a chemical reaction
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Concepts of internal energy and enthalpy
  • Application of first law of thermodynamics

• CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

  4 टॉपिक

  • Law of mass action and its application to chemical equilibrium
  • Effect of changing the conditions of system at equilibrium-Le- chatelier’s principle
  • Equilibrium involving ions
  • Ionisation of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes acid –base equilibrium, Bronsted & Lowry’s concept of acids and bases on these concepts

• CHEMICAL KINETICS

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Rate of reaction-symbolic expressions, rate expression
  • Units of rates and specific rate constants
  • Order of reaction (n suitable examples)
  • Determination of order of reaction and concentration(first order reactions only)

• STATES OF MATTER

  4 टॉपिक

  • Gaseous state: Properties of a gas, gas laws, kinetic molecular theory of gases
  • Solid state: classification of solids, X –ray studies of crystal lattices & unit cell
  • Liquid state
  • Properties of liquids like vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity

• NUCLEAR & RADIOCHEMISTRY

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Nature of radiation from radioactive substances: nuclear structure and nuclear properties
  • Nuclear reaction; radioactive disintegration series; artificial transmutation of elements
  • Isotopes and their uses
  • Radio carbon dating

• SOLUTIONS

  4 टॉपिक

  • Types of solutions, Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoults’ law
  • Colligative properties of solutions
  • Calculation of molecular masses
  • Electrolyte solutions

• ELECTROCHEMISTRY

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Electrolysis, electrolytic conduction ( specific, equivalent and molar conductance ) Kohlrausch law
  • Voltaic/galvanic cell, electrode potential and electromotive force, Gibbs free energy and cell potential
  • Dependence of EMF on concentration and temperature (Nernst Equation)
  • Electrode potential and electrolysis

• SURFACE AND CATALYSIS

  4 टॉपिक

  • Absorption, colloids, emulsions, micelles, modern developments
  • Interfaces, STEM and technology
  • Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, structure of a catalyst
  • Structure of a catalyst

• CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS INTRODUCTION TO CARBON COMPOUNDS

  2 टॉपिक

  • Elemental Carbon
  • Inorganic compounds of carbon (oxides, and carbides)

• HYDROCARBONS

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Alkanes : sp3-hybridization, sigma bond, chain isomerism
  • Alkanes sp2 hybridization, carbon- carbon double bond, sigma and bi-bonds
  • Planer molecular of ethylene, cistranes isomerism
  • Alkeynes: sp- hybridization C (C,linear molecule of acetylene) Arenes: Delocalisation of electronics in benzene, Resonance structure of benzene:o.m.p. –isomers

• PREPERATION AND PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Source of hydrocarbons (composition of coal and petroleum; hydrocarbons from coal and petroleum, cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline- octane number; gasoline additives)
  • Laboratory preparation of alkanes (preparation from unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkyl halides and carboxylic acids)
  • Laboratory preparation of alkynes (Preparation from alcohol and alkyl halides)
  • Laboratory preparation of alkynes (Preparation from calcium carbide and acetylene)

• PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZA- TION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  4 टॉपिक

  • Purification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography), Qualitative analysis of elements
  • Quantitative analysis(estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen)
  • Determination of molecular mass (Victor Mayer’s Method)
  • Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae from weight percentage data of elements and molecular weight

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BASED ON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

  0 टॉपिक

• HALIDES AND HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Nomenclature of compounds containing halogen atoms and hydroxyl group; haloarens; alcohols and phenols; correlation of physical properties and uses. A few important polyhalogen compounds- chloroforms
  • carbon tetrachloride
  • DDT, benzene hexachloride
  • Polyhydric compounds; ethane1.2- diol

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BASED ON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS-I

  2 टॉपिक

  • Ethers, aldehdes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Nomenclature of ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives
  • Acylhalides, acid anhydride, amides and esters, methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structures, chemical properties & uses

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BASED ON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS-II

  1 टॉपिक

  • Nitrogen com[pounds. A brief description of the chemistry of the carbon compounds containing nitrogen(cyanides, isocynides, nitro-compounds and amines) and their methods of preparation; correlation of physical properties with structure, chemical reaction, uses

• SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL POLYMERS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Classification of polymers, some important natural and synthetic polymers ( with stress on their general methods of preparation); some common examples and their important uses

• Bio-Chemistry

  0 टॉपिक

• Carbohydrates

  1 टॉपिक

  • Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

• Aminoacids and Peptides

  1 टॉपिक

  • Structure and classification, properties of aminoacids and peptides, biologically important peptides

• Proteins and enzymes

  1 टॉपिक

  • Structure of proteins, some important proteins, enzymes

• Nucleic Acids

  2 टॉपिक

  • Chemical properties of nucleic acids
  • Biological functions of nucleic acids, protein synthesis

• Lipids

  1 टॉपिक

  • Classification, structure and function

• Evolution

  1 टॉपिक

  • Chemical evolution, origin of life

• Chemistry of Biological Processes

  3 टॉपिक

  • Elementary ideas of Chemistry of Digestion, respiration
  • Haemoglobin and blood, photosynthesis Immune System
  • Hormones, Chemistry of some important diseases

• CHEMISTRY IN ACTION

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • A descriptive account of chemistry involved in the use of important chemicals in every day life such as : Dyes
  • chemicals in medicines
  • polymers and fibres
  • plant growth hormone

इस विषय के 124 टॉपिक में से 91 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 124 टॉपिक देखें →

• NATURE AND SCOPE OF BIOLOGY

  1 टॉपिक

  • Its relation with other sciences, common techniques and instruments used in biological studies, why to study Biology, Scientific method

• CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

  10 टॉपिक

  • As a basic unit-the cell as a self-contained unit
  • Unicellular & multicellular organisms; flow of energy and information, compartmentalization for cellular life; structure of eucaryotic cells
  • Cellular pool
  • Chemistry, cellular location and functional significance of none and oligosaccharides, lipids, amono acids, nucleotides, water, minerals
  • Chemistry, cellular location and functional significance of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids
  • Unit membrane concept, fluid mosaic model, membranc transport, exocytosis and enocytosis-memberane and cellular movement
  • Light and electron microscopic structure of cell; cell organelles and their functions-nucleus
  • mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, microtubules, ribosomes, cell wall, cilia & flagella, centriole, vacuoles, cell inclusions
  • Fermentation, biological oxidation, glycolysis and Krebs cycle ( flow chart only)
  • Mitochondrial electron transport chaing, high energy bounds and oxidative phosphorylation

• CELL REPRODUCTION

  1 टॉपिक

  • Cell cycle, processes of mitosis and meiosis

• DIVERSITY OF LIFE

  18 टॉपिक

  • The enormous variety of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety; taxonomy and phytogeny
  • shortcomings fo a two –kingdom classification-plants and animals
  • status of viruses and bacteriophage; the five- kingdom classification
  • Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
  • Concept of species, taxon and hierarchical levels of classification; binomial nomenclature, principles of classification and nomenclature
  • Eucaryotic unicellular organisms
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction in protista ( brief outline only)
  • flagella and cilia as locomotory organs of protista
  • examples of common protista, diatoms, dinoflageiiates, slim moulds, protozoans
  • symbiotic forms
  • Zygomycetes, Ascomycets, Basidiomycetes and lichens
  • Complex autotrophs, red, brown and green algae ( Chalamydomonas, spirogyra)
  • Conquest of land; bryophytes ( Funaria), ferns ( Dryopteris), gymnospers ( Pinus) and angiospersms
  • Animal body pattern and symmetry
  • Body cavity in invertebrate and vertebrate phyla
  • Salient features with reference to habitat and examples of phyla-porifera
  • coelenterata, helminthes, annelids; mollusca, arthropoda, echinoderms
  • chordata-( classes-fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals ) highlighting major characters ( Morphological notes on examples of different phyla of animals are not required)

• STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-PLANT LIFE

  15 टॉपिक

  • Morphology and functions of root, stem, leaf and their modifications, Tissue system in flowering plants-meristematic and permanent
  • Water relation of plant cells, water potential, absorption and transport of water in plants, root pressure
  • ascent of sap, transpirationand stomatal mechanism
  • Plant nutrition : I) Photosynthesis : Photochemical and biosynthetic phases
  • diversity in photosynthetic pathways photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation, photorespiration
  • II) special modes of nutrition in plants
  • Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
  • structure and function of flower
  • inflorescence, development of male and female gametophytes
  • pollination, fertilization, development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit, seed dispersal
  • Plant growth : Hormones and growth regulation
  • role of plant harmones in relation to seed dormancy
  • germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission
  • Agricultural uses of synthetic growth regulators
  • brief account of phytocrome as photomorphogenetic pigment

• STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION – ANIMAL LIFE

  20 टॉपिक

  • Animal tissues : epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
  • Animal nutrition : digestive system and digestive processes in man, absorption or products and egestion I man
  • Gas exchange and transport : Pulmonary gas exchange in humans and organs involved, transport of gases in blood
  • Circulation of body fluids : Closed (human) and open ( prawn) blood vascular systems.Structure and pumpind action of heart, pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • Heart rate and pulse, blood pressure, Autorhythmicity of heart beat, lymph
  • Excretion and Osmoregulation : Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism, Excretory organs in man, composition and formation of urine
  • Role of kidney in osmoreguation
  • Nervous coordination and Receptors : Components of human nervous system, structure and function of brain and spinal cord
  • Transmission of nerve, impulse, reflex action
  • Basic physiology ( Structure and functions of sense organs) Hormonal Co-ordination : Endocrine organs in humans
  • hormones & their functions
  • diseases caused by hormonal imbalance
  • roles of hormones as messengers & regulators-hypotahalamo-axis, feedback control
  • Animal reproduction and development : Asexual and sexual reproduction
  • reproductive organs of human male and female
  • gametogenesis and differentiation of gametes
  • reproductive cycle in the human female
  • chemical and physical features of fertilization
  • Development of zygote up to three germinal layers, fate of germ layers
  • Ageing : Morphological, physiological, cellular and extra cellular changes, theories of ageing, biological meaning of death

• CONTINUITY OF LIFE

  8 टॉपिक

  • Heredity and variation : Introduction I) Mendel’s experiments and idea of factors II) Mendel’s law of inheritance
  • Chromosomes and Chromosomal basis of inheritance ( in brief), some basic terms used in inheritance studies
  • III) Other pattern of inheritance, incomplete dominance, multiplegenes, linkage and crossing over, sex linked inheritance
  • Genetic variations-Recombination, mutation, phenotypic expression in haploid organisms
  • DNA as genetic material, its replication, transcription and translation : Evidence from bacterial transformation and viral infection, structure and replication of DNA
  • Protein synthesis – Genetic code, transcription, translation, effect of mutations on protein synthesis
  • Gene expression : In prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Genetic engineering

• EVOLUTION OF LIFE

  10 टॉपिक

  • Organic evolution : Inter relationship among living organisms
  • evidences for evolution-fossil evidences and geological time scale
  • morphological evidence-homologous
  • analogous and vestigial organs
  • embryological evidence- similarities among embryos of different vertebrate classes; evidence from biogeography
  • Darwin’s major contribution –Variation & Natural selection : a) Common ancestry b) natural selections as mechanism of evolution
  • Elementary forces of evolution
  • Variation- mutation and recombination as sources of variability
  • role of selection, genetic basis of adaptation-lederbergs replica plating experiments
  • Speciation and Isolation-geographical and reproductive

• APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGY

  8 टॉपिक

  • Biofertilisers : Green manures, nitrogen fixation-symbiotic and non symbiotic
  • Common Human Diseases
  • a) Communicable diseases – Viral, bacterial, protozoan-diseases including STD and diseases spread through blood transfusion such as AIDS and hepatitis
  • b) Immune responses – Vaccines and antisera, allergies and inflammations
  • c) Non communicable diseases – inherited diseases and sex linked diseases, genetic incompatibility and genetic counselling
  • Cancer major types, causes, diagnosis and treatment
  • Tissues and organ transplantation
  • Human Population Growth : Problems and control, inequality of sexes, test tube babies, amminocentesis

इस विषय के सभी 91 टॉपिक दिखाए गए हैं।कम टॉपिक दिखाएँ

• Overview

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Definitions, Historical Perspectives
  • Scope and importance
  • Commercial potential, An interdisciplinary challenge. A Quantitative approach
  • Classical vs Modern concepts

• Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering

  17 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of pH, Buffer, Physical variables
  • dimensions and units
  • Measurement conventions
  • Physical and chemical property data

• Biotechnology and Society

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Public perception, Role of sciences, Engineering, Arts, Commerce, Patenting -Criterion for patents
  • Discovery vs Invention
  • Product and process patent
  • Reading a patent, National and International Patent Laws

• Nature of Biomolecules

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Building block, functional groups fund in biomolecules, Optical activity/stereo Chemistry
  • Conformation and Configuration
  • Chirality, Properties : Physical and Chemical
  • Biochemical transformation ( Oxidation, Reduction, Cleavage of c-c bonds, Group transfer, Condensation reaction)

• Structure and Function

  2 टॉपिक

  • Nucleic acids-RNA and DNA and their Structures
  • Proteins-The three dimential structure, Function, Enzymes Rates of enzymatic reactions, Enzymatic catalysis

• Carbohydrates

  10 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Structure and function
  • Metabolic pathways of bread-down of carbohydrates-Glycosis
  • Glycogen metabolism
  • Transport through membranes

• Biochemical Techniques

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Based on molecular weight: Vapour/osmotic pressure, centrifugation, gel permeation, electrophoresis, mass-spectrometery
  • Based on spectroscopy: Colorimetery, UV-vis spectrophotometery, fluorescence, IR, X-rays
  • Based on charge/polarity: Partion Chromatograph, Ion exchange, Iso-electric focusing, hydrophobic interaction
  • Based on solubility

• The Basic Unit of life

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Cell structure and components -Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Ribosomes and other cell inclusion
  • Various kinds of tissues and organs in animals and plants
  • Evolutionof populations ( Speciation) and Biodiversity
  • Adaptation and Natural selection

• Cell Growth and Development

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Cell divisions and cell cycle, Cell communication and Signal transduction pathways, Movement, Nutrition, Gas exchange, internal transport, Maintaining the internal environment
  • Reproduction in Microbes, Plants, Animals and Humans
  • Animal and Plant development, Apoptosis
  • Immune response in animals and humans

• Cellular Techniques

  4 टॉपिक

  • Microscopy
  • Centrifugation techniques
  • Cell franctionisation and sorting
  • Cell growth determination, Mitotic index

• Principle of Genetics

  12 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Historical perspectives
  • Mendelian genetics, The role of chromosomes in inhertiance
  • Multiple alleles, Linkage and Crossing over
  • Genetic recombination

• Genome Function

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Genome organization
  • DNA replication, Fine structure of gene, From Gene to Protein- Transcription
  • Genetic code and Translation
  • Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes an deukaryotes

• Genetical Techniques

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Chromosome techniques
  • Chromosome stains, Chromosome banding techniques, Karyotyping, Chromosome painting
  • Mutagenic techniques: Physical ( UV, X-rays/Gamma rays) and Chemical ( NTG/EMS) mutagenesis
  • Recombination in bacteria

इस विषय के 100 टॉपिक में से 50 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 100 टॉपिक देखें →

• GETTING STARTED, DATA REPRESENTATION, BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & COMPUTER ORGANISATION

  26 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Evolution of computers
  • Basics of computer and its operation: Functional Components and their inter-connections
  • concept of Booting
  • Use of Operating System for directory listing

• PROGRAMMING IN C++

  0 टॉपिक

• PROGRAMMING BY EXAMPLE IN C++ LANGUAGE

  3 टॉपिक

  • C++ CHARACTER SET, C++ Tokens( Identifiers, Keywords, Constants, Operators) Structure of a C++ Program ( include files, declaration of an object, main function)
  • Header files: iostream.h. iomanip.h; cout, cin, Use of I/O operators (<< AND >>), Use of setw ( ) and endl, Cascading of I/O operators, Error Message
  • Use of editor, basic commands of editor, compilation, linking and execution

• DATA TYPES, VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of Data types
  • Built-in Data types; void, char, int, float and double
  • Constants
  • Integer Constants, Character Constants ( Backslash character constants : \n,\a,\r,\t), Floating point Constants, String Constants

• OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Operators : Arithematic operators (-,+,/,%)
  • Unary operator (-)
  • Increment and Decrement Operators (--, ++)
  • Relational Operators (>,>=,<,<=,==,!=)

• FLOW OF CONTROL

  3 टॉपिक

  • Conditional Statements: if, if -else, nested if-else statements, ? as alternative to if-else, switch -case, Nested switch, default statement, break statement
  • Simple Control statements, Comma Operator, exit ( ) function
  • Loops: while statement, do-while statement, for statement, nested control structures

• INPUT OUTPUT FUN CTION

  1 टॉपिक

  • Header file : sdtio.h-getc,putc() gets () and puts() functions

• STRUCTURED DATA TYPE : ARRAY

  2 टॉपिक

  • Use of arrays one and two -dimensional arrays-declaration, initialization, reading, display, manipulation such as liner search, finding maximum/minimum value, matrix arithmetic
  • String : String manipulation such as reversing a string , reversing each word of a string, counting vowels, consonants, special characters from sting

• BUILT-IN-FUNCTION

  4 टॉपिक

  • Header files : string.h. ctype.h, math.h. stdlib.h
  • Standard functions - character and string related functions : isalnum( )
  • isalpha( ), isdigit( ), islower( ), isupper( ), tolower ( ), toupper( ), strcpy( ), stract( ), strlen( ), strcmp( ); strcmpi( ), at ol( ), itoa( ), atoll( ), Itoa()
  • Mathematical functions : abs ( ), sqrt ( ), exp( ), log( ), log10( ),.sin( ), cos( )

• FUNCTIONS

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Defining a function
  • Function Prototype, Invoking a function
  • Passing arguments to function
  • specifying argument data types

• POINTERS

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Dynamic memory allocation operators : new, delete
  • Pointers and Arrays : Array of Pointers, pointers to one-dimensional array, Initializing Pointes
  • Functions returning pointers, Reference variables, and use of alias
  • Function call by reference

• PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • General
  • Concepts
  • Modular approach

• STRUCTURES

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Defining a Structure
  • creating a structure variable
  • Referencing structure elements

• CLASSES AND OBJECTS

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Class Declarations
  • Data Members, Member Functions, Private and Public members, default labels, data hiding and encapsulation, Arrays within a class
  • Class Function definition: Member Function definition inside the class declaration and outside the class declaration

• CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTORS

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Constructors : Declaration and Definition
  • Default Constructors
  • Special Characteristics

• FUNCTION OVERLOADING

  1 टॉपिक

  • Function overloading: Declaration, Definition and use

• INHERITANCE : EXTENDING CLASSES

  3 टॉपिक

  • Concept of inheritance, Base Class, Derived Class , Defining derived classes, Visibility modes , Private, Public, Protected
  • Single level inheritance, Multiple inheritance and Multilevel inheritance
  • Derivation by private, public and protected access specifier, Access control to private , and profected members by member functions of a derived class, Nesting of classes

• FILE ORAGANISATION AND FILE HANDLING IN C++

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Basic file operations : Text file- Read an Write
  • Binary File ( Sequential Access)- searching, appending, insertion, deletion, modification
  • Header File : fstream.h; fstream,ofstream; fstream; reading and writing strings from/todisk

• DATA STRUCTURES

  0 टॉपिक

• ARRAYS

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • One and two Dimensional arrays
  • sequential allocation
  • address calculation

• STACK

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • (Array and linked implementation of stack)
  • Operations on stack ( PUSH and POP)
  • Converting expressions form INFIX to POOSTFIX notation and evaluation of POSTFIX notation of expression

• QUEUE

  3 टॉपिक

  • ( Circular array and Linked implementation )
  • Operations on Queue ( INSERT and DELETE)
  • Implementation of the above concepts using C++

• DATA BASES

  0 टॉपिक

• DATABASES CONCEPTS

  2 टॉपिक

  • Relational data model : Concept of domain , tuple, relation, Cartesian product, Nomalisation
  • First, Second, Third normal forms

• STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Processing capabilities , Data Definition
  • Language and Data Manipulation Language (Retrieving, Manipulating, Updating ), Tables ( Rows, Columns) and Fields
  • SQL supported by Xbase type products, Data types : SMALLINT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, CHARACTER, DATE

• COMPUTER NETWORK

  3 टॉपिक

  • Need for networking
  • Packet switching techniques
  • Communication channels, Twisted pair cables, Coaxial cables, Optical Fibers, microwave, radiowave, Satellite link

• ELEMENTARY TERMINOLOGY

  2 टॉपिक

  • Nodes, Links, Connectivity, Different topologies -Bus , Circular, Star, Tree, Concepts of Lan, Wan, Man, Protocol, internetworking, Backbone Network
  • Modem

• CLIENT SERVER

  1 टॉपिक

  • Application Level-Remote Login (Telnet), File Transfer (FTP), Electronic Mail, (e-mail)

• INTERNET RELATED TERMINOLOGY

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • World Wide Web (WWW)
  • WebSite, WebPages, URL, Web Address, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
  • Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

इस विषय के 141 टॉपिक में से 75 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 141 टॉपिक देखें →