Sathyabama Entrance Exam

• UNIT 1 : SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

  5 टॉपिक

  • Sets and their representation
  • Union, Intersection and Complement of sets and their algebraic properties
  • Power set
  • Relation, Types of relations, Equivalence relations, functions
  • one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions

• UNIT 2 :COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

  2 टॉपिक

  • Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, Algebra of complex numbers, Modulus and Argument (or Amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions
  • Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots

• UNIT 3 :MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

  4 टॉपिक

  • Matrices, Algebra of matrices, Types of matrices, Determinants and matrices of order two and three
  • Properties of determinants, Evaluation of determinants, Area of triangles using determinants
  • Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations
  • Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices

• UNIT 4 :PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications

• UNIT 5 :MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

  1 टॉपिक

  • Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications

• UNIT 6 :BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS

  1 टॉपिक

  • Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications

• UNIT 7 : SEQUENCES AND SERIES

  2 टॉपिक

  • Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers
  • Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum upto n terms of special series: Sn, Sn2, Sn3, Sn3. Arithmetic Geometric regression

• UNIT 8 : LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

  11 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Real - valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions
  • Graphs of simple functions
  • Limits, continuity and differentiability
  • Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions
  • Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions
  • derivatives of order upto two

• UNIT 9 : INTEGRAL CALCULUS

  9 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Integral as an anti - derivative
  • Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
  • Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions
  • Integration using trigonometric identities
  • Evaluation of simple integrals of the type
  • Integral as limit of a sum

• UNIT 10 : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

  3 टॉपिक

  • Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree
  • Formation of differential equations
  • Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type

• UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

  21 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in a plane
  • distance formula
  • section formula
  • locus and its equation
  • translation of axes
  • slope of a line

• UNIT 12: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

  7 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Coordinates of a point in space
  • distance between two points
  • section formula
  • direction ratios and direction cosines
  • angle between two intersecting lines
  • Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation

• UNIT 13: VECTOR ALGEBRA

  5 टॉपिक

  • Vectors and scalars
  • addition of vectors
  • components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space
  • scalar and vector products
  • scalar and vector triple product

• UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

  3 टॉपिक

  • Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data
  • Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
  • Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution

• UNIT 15: TRIGONOMETRY

  4 टॉपिक

  • Trigonometrical identities and equations
  • Trigonometrical functions
  • Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties
  • Heights and Distances

• UNIT 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING:

  1 टॉपिक

  • Statements, logical operations AND, OR, IMPLIES, IMPLIED BY, IF AND ONLY IF. Understanding of Tautology, Contradiction, Converse and Contrapositive

इस विषय के 80 टॉपिक में से 56 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 80 टॉपिक देखें →

• UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

  3 टॉपिक

  • Physics, technology and society, S I units, Fundamental and derived units
  • Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Significant figures
  • Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

• UNIT 2: KINEMATICS

  5 टॉपिक

  • Frame of reference
  • Motion in a straight line: Position time graph, speed and velocity
  • Uniform and non uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion
  • Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector
  • Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion

• UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION

  7 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion
  • Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion
  • Impulse
  • Newton’s Third Law of motion
  • Law of conservation of linear omentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces
  • Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction

• UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

  4 टॉपिक

  • Work done by a constant force and a variable force
  • kinetic and potential energies, workenergy theorem, power
  • Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces
  • Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

• UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION

  6 टॉपिक

  • Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body
  • Basic concepts of rotational motion
  • Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications
  • moment of inertia, radius of gyration
  • Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
  • Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion

• UNIT 6: GRAVITATION

  8 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • The universal law of gravitation
  • Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
  • Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
  • Gravitational potential energy
  • gravitational potential
  • Escape velocity

• UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

  10 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
  • Pressure due to a fluid column
  • Pascal’s law and its applications
  • Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number
  • Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
  • Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise

• UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS

  5 टॉपिक

  • Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature
  • Heat, work and internal energy
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes
  • Carnot engine and its efficiency

• UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

  4 टॉपिक

  • Equation of state of a perfect gas, work doneon compressing a gas.Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure
  • Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules
  • Degrees of freedom, Law of equi-partition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases
  • Mean free path, Avogadro’s number

• UNIT 10 : OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

  12 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
  • Periodic functions
  • Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) and its equation
  • phase
  • oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant
  • energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies

• UNIT 11 : ELECTROSTATICS

  11 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges
  • superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
  • Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge
  • Electric field lines
  • Electric dipole
  • Electric field due to a dipole

• UNIT 12 : CURRRENT ELECTRICITY

  7 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors
  • Series and parallel combinations of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistance
  • Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
  • Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications
  • Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge

• UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

  13 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
  • Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
  • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
  • Cyclotron
  • Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
  • Force between two parallel urrentcarrying conductors-definition of ampere

• UNIT 14 : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

  9 में से 6 टॉपिक

  • Electromagnetic induction
  • Faraday’s law, induced emf and current
  • Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents
  • Self and mutual inductance
  • Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage
  • reactance and impedance

• UNIT 15 : ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

  4 टॉपिक

  • Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
  • Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
  • Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, gamma rays)
  • Applications of e.m. waves

• UNIT 16 : OPTICS

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifyingpowers
  • Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle
  • Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light
  • Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
  • Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light

• UNIT 17 : DUAL NATURE OF MATTER ANDRADIATION

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Dual nature of radiation
  • Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations
  • Einstein’s photoelectric equation
  • particle nature of light
  • Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation

• UNIT 18 : ATOMS AND NUCLEI

  9 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Alpha-particle scattering experiment
  • Rutherford’s model of atom
  • Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars
  • isotones
  • spectrum

• UNIT 19 : ELECTRONIC DEVICES

  9 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Semiconductors
  • semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
  • diode as a rectifier
  • I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode
  • Zener diode as a voltage regulator

• UNIT 20 : COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

  7 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
  • Sky and space wave propagation
  • Need for modulation
  • Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
  • Bandwidth of signals

इस विषय के 145 टॉपिक में से 104 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 145 टॉपिक देखें →

• UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

  6 टॉपिक

  • Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory
  • Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound
  • Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis
  • Laws of chemical combination
  • Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae
  • Chemical equations and stoichiometry

• UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER

  16 टॉपिक

  • Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states
  • Gaseous State
  • Measurable properties of gases
  • Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure
  • Concept of Absolute scale of temperature
  • Ideal gas equation
  • Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates)
  • Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities
  • Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants
  • Liquid State
  • Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
  • Solid State
  • Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
  • Bragg’s Law and its applications
  • Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids
  • Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties

• UNIT 3 :ATOMIC STRUCTURE

  16 टॉपिक

  • Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron)
  • Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations
  • Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect
  • Spectrum of hydrogen atom
  • Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates
  • derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
  • limitations of Bohr’s model
  • Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
  • Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, and concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions
  • Variation of and with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
  • various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
  • shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number
  • Rules for filling electrons in orbitals aufbau principle
  • Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
  • electronic configuration of elements
  • extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

• UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCURE

  11 टॉपिक

  • Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent onds
  • Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds
  • calculation of lattice enthalpy
  • Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment
  • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
  • Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
  • Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals
  • Resonance
  • Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy
  • Elementary idea of metallic bonding
  • Hydrogen bonding and its applications

• UNIT 5 : CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

  7 टॉपिक

  • Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
  • First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity
  • Hess’s law of constant heat summation
  • Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution
  • Second law of thermodynamics
  • Spontaneity of processes
  • DS of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, Dgo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and quilibrium constant

• UNIT 6 : SOLUTIONS

  6 टॉपिक

  • Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
  • Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • depression of freezing point
  • elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
  • Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
  • Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance

• UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM

  5 टॉपिक

  • Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
  • Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes
  • Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst
  • Le Chatelier’s principle
  • Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Br instead - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

• UNIT 8 : REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

  14 टॉपिक

  • Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
  • Eectrolytic and metallic conduction
  • conductance in electrolytic solutions
  • specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
  • Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells
  • different types of electrodes
  • electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
  • half - cell and cell reactions
  • emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
  • Nernst equation and its applications
  • Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change
  • Dry cell and lead accumulator
  • Fuel cells
  • Corrosion and its prevention

• UNIT 9 : CHEMICAL KINETICS

  2 टॉपिक

  • Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst
  • elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

• UNIT-10 : SURFACE CHEMISTRY

  7 टॉपिक

  • Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms
  • dsorption from solutions
  • Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism
  • Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic
  • multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation
  • Emulsions and their characteristics

• UNIT 11 : CLASSIFICATON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

  1 टॉपिक

  • Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

• UNIT 12 : GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS

  3 टॉपिक

  • Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores
  • Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe
  • Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

• UNIT 13 : HYDROGEN

  5 टॉपिक

  • Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen
  • Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water
  • Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide
  • Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial
  • Hydrogen as a fuel

• UNIT 14 : S - BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI ANDALKALINE EARTH METALS)

  7 टॉपिक

  • Group - 1 and 2 Elements General introduction
  • electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements
  • anomalous properties of the first element of each group
  • diagonal relationships
  • Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement
  • Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca

• UNIT 15 : P - BLOCK ELEMENTS

  26 टॉपिक

  • Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements
  • General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
  • unique behaviour of the first element in each group
  • Groupwise study of the p block elements Group 13
  • Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium
  • Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums
  • Group 14
  • Tendency for catenation
  • Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones
  • Group 15
  • Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Allotrophic forms of phosphorus
  • Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5)
  • Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Group 16
  • Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone
  • Allotropic forms of sulphur
  • Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)
  • Structures of oxoacids of sulphur
  • Group 17
  • Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid
  • Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides
  • Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
  • Group 18
  • Occurrence and uses of noble gases
  • Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

• UNIT 16 : d– and f –BLOCK ELEMENTS

  6 टॉपिक

  • Transition Elements
  • General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
  • Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4
  • Inner Transition Elements
  • Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction
  • Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states

• UNIT 17 : CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

  5 टॉपिक

  • Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory
  • ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation
  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
  • Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties
  • Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

• UNIT 18 : ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

  12 टॉपिक

  • Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil
  • Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon
  • nitrogen and sulphur
  • hydrocarbons; their sources
  • harmful effects and prevention
  • Green house effect and Global warming
  • Acid rain
  • Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
  • Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects
  • Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention
  • Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides,. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention
  • Strategies to control environmental pollution

• UNIT 19 : PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  5 टॉपिक

  • Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications
  • Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
  • Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
  • Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae
  • Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

• UNIT 20 : SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

  10 टॉपिक

  • Tetravalency of carbon
  • Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
  • Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C h C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
  • Homologous series
  • Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism
  • Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
  • Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions
  • stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
  • Electronic displacement in a covalent bond- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
  • Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination and earrangement

• UNIT 21 : HYDROCARBONS

  11 टॉपिक

  • Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions
  • Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)
  • Mechanism of halogenations of alkanes
  • Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism
  • Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect)
  • Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization
  • Alkynes - Acidic character
  • Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides
  • Polymerization
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity
  • Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

• UNIT 22 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

  5 टॉपिक

  • General methods of preparation, properties and reactions
  • Nature of C-X bond
  • Mechanisms of substitution reactions
  • Uses
  • Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT

• UNIT 23 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

  15 टॉपिक

  • General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses
  • ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
  • Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
  • mechanism of dehydration
  • Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction
  • Ethers: Structure
  • Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group
  • Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
  • Important reactions such as Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent
  • oxidation
  • reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen)
  • acidity of _ - hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction
  • Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
  • CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
  • Acidic strength and factors affecting it

• UNIT 24 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

  3 टॉपिक

  • General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses
  • Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character
  • Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

• UNIT 25 : POLYMERS

  3 टॉपिक

  • General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization
  • Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
  • some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

• UNIT 26 : BIOMOLECULES

  7 टॉपिक

  • General introduction and importance of biomolecules
  • CARBOHYDRATES - Classification: aldoses and ketoses
  • monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of _ - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides
  • Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
  • VITAMINS - Classification and functions
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

• UNIT 27 : CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

  3 टॉपिक

  • Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins – their meaning and common examples
  • Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples
  • Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

• UNIT 28 : PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

  13 टॉपिक

  • • Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds
  • Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic)
  • carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone)
  • carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds
  • • Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum
  • Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
  • • Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
  • • Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+. Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI -, Br, I. (Insoluble salts excluded)
  • • Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 1
  • Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4 2
  • Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base
  • Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
  • Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

इस विषय के सभी 230 टॉपिक दिखाए गए हैं।कम टॉपिक दिखाएँ

• Unit I: Diversity of Living Organism

  15 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • What is living? Biodiversity
  • Need for classification
  • Three domain of life
  • Taxonomy & Systematics
  • Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy

• Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

  6 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Morphology and modifications
  • Tissues
  • Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)
  • Animal tissues
  • Morphology, anatomy and functions of different system (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach)

• Unit III: Cell Structure and Function

  11 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
  • Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
  • Plant cell and animal cell
  • Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall
  • Cell organelles – structure and function

• Unit IV: Plant Physiology

  33 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Transport in plants
  • Movement of water, gases and nutrients
  • Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
  • Plant-water relations-Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis
  • Long distance transport of water-Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation

• Unit V: Human Physiology

  38 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones
  • Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
  • Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fat (for box item not to be evaluated)
  • Egeston
  • Nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea

• Reproduction

  21 में से 5 टॉपिक

  • Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
  • Modes of reproduction-A sexual and sexual reproduction
  • Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
  • vegetative propagation in plants
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plant: Flower structure

इस विषय के 124 टॉपिक में से 30 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 124 टॉपिक देखें →