HP Rajya Chayan Aayog Exams

• History, Principles and Foundation of Physical Education

  1 of 25 topics

  • Meaning, Definition and Scope of Physical Education

• Human Anatomy and Physiology

  1 of 21 topics

  • Introduction to anatomy and physiology in physical education

• Olympic Movement

  1 of 6 topics

  • Origin, philosophy, early history, development stages

• Yoga Education

  1 of 10 topics

  • Meaning, definition, aims, objectives

• Kinesiology and Biomechanics

  1 of 16 topics

  • Meaning, definition, importance

• SPORTS TRAINING

  1 of 14 topics

  • Meaning and Definition of Sports Training. Aim and Objectives of Sports Training

• SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

  1 of 17 topics

  • Meaning, Importance and scope of Educational and Sports Psychology

• Test, Measurement and Evaluation

  1 of 7 topics

  • Meaning, need, importance, principles

• Sports Medicine, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation

  1 of 11 topics

  • Meaning, aims, objectives, importance

• Health Education and Nutrition

  1 of 6 topics

  • Concept, meaning, scope, objectives, principles, need

• Exercise Physiology

  1 of 6 topics

  • Meaning, importance

• Sports and Games Specialisation

  1 of 4 topics

  • Measurement, skills, history, terminology of

• Research in Physical Education

  1 of 9 topics

  • Importance, classification, ethical issues

Showing 13 of 152 topics in this subject.Show all 152 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• Foundations & History of Physical Education

  1 of 19 topics

  • Foundations of Physical Education

• Sports Anatomy, Physiology & Exercise Sciences

  1 of 31 topics

  • Human Anatomy & Physiology

• Sports Psychology & Sociology

  1 of 19 topics

  • Sports Psychology

• Sports Training & Kinesiological Pedagogy

  1 of 24 topics

  • Principles of Sports Training

• Organization, Administration & Sports Medicine

  1 of 17 topics

  • Organization & Administration

• Rules, Officiating & Coaching of Games

  1 of 24 topics

  • History, Rules, Dimensions, Equipment, Officiating Signals & Fundamental Skills

Showing 6 of 134 topics in this subject.Show all 134 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• PHYSICS

  1 of 212 topics

  • Physical World and Measurements: Units and Measurements Need for measurement: Units of measurement

• CHEMISTRY

  1 of 239 topics

  • Basic Concepts of Chemistry: Importance and scope of Chemistry

• BIOLOGY

  1 of 167 topics

  • Diversity of Living Organisms: The Living World Biodiversity

Showing 3 of 618 topics in this subject.Show all 618 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of Himachal Pradesh

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• Psychiatric Social Work

  1 of 48 topics

  • The Field of Psychiatric Social Work

• Psychiatry foundations and Diagnostic models

  1 of 43 topics

  • Development of psychiatry as a scientific discipline

• Psychiatric Social Work Research and Statistics

  1 of 39 topics

  • Psychiatric Social Work Research

Showing 3 of 130 topics in this subject.Show all 130 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• Human Anatomy and Physiology Relevant to Operation Theatre Practice

  1 of 11 topics

  • Gross anatomy and functions of the Skeletal System

• Applied Physics in relation to Anaesthesia

  1 of 14 topics

  • i) Energy: Thermometry

• Applied Microbiology in Operation Theatre Sterility and Infection Control

  1 of 25 topics

  • Sterilization and disinfection: types of disinfection

• Patient shifting and transportation

  1 of 4 topics

  • i) Pre-operative preparation of the patient

• Operation Theatre Equipment

  1 of 55 topics

  • Functions, Handling, and Care

• Basic Principles of Anaesthetic Drugs and Techniques

  1 of 26 topics

  • Intravenous Anaesthetic Agents

• Fundamentals of Surgical Techniques and Instrumentation

  1 of 37 topics

  • Handling of sterilized articles in the operation theatre. Introduction to the techniques of sterilization of surgical instruments and special equipment used in the operation theatre. Management of surgical equipment and techniques

• Advanced Surgical specialities

  1 of 22 topics

  • Procedures and Instruments

• Role of the OT Technician in Operation Theatre Preparation for Various Surgical Procedures

  1 of 10 topics

  • Preparation for Anaesthesia for surgical operations in General Surgery

• Principles of Blood Transfusion and Intravenous Fluid Therapy in the Operation Theatre

  1 of 6 topics

  • Different types of I.V. fluids, crystalloids and colloids (natural and synthetic), their chemical composition and their uses

• Critical Care and Intensive Care Unit

  1 of 2 topics

  • Internal Medicine in ICU, Mechanical Ventilation, Ventilator Modes

• ICU Monitoring and Equipment

  1 of 26 topics

  • ECG Monitoring

• ICU Ventilators

  1 of 2 topics

  • Various types of lung ventilators and their working principles

• Role of the OT Technician in Non-Operating Theatre Settings

  1 of 7 topics

  • Transport of a patient from the OT to the ICU for overnight monitoring and ventilation

• Fundamentals of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

  1 of 5 topics

  • Basic Life Support and related equipment: Basic and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in adults and paediatric patients. Resuscitation in the operating theatre

• Environmental Science and Biomedical Waste Management

  1 of 6 topics

  • Control of pollution in operation theatre, Air-conditioning and air flow in OT and ICU

• Operation Theatre Technicians

  1 of 5 topics

  • Ethics and Discipline

Showing 17 of 263 topics in this subject.Show all 263 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• ADVANCED SOCIAL WORK

  1 of 38 topics

  • THEORY, AND PRACTICE

• WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES

  1 of 38 topics

  • Principles and Components of Practice with Individuals and Families- Principles and components of practice with individuals and families

• MEDICAL INFORMATION FOR SOCIAL WORKERS

  1 of 33 topics

  • Foundations of Clinical Literacy: Overview of human anatomy and physiology of key organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, endocrine, neurological)

• INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH SYSTEMS IN INDIA

  1 of 34 topics

  • Evolution of Health Systems in India: Bhore Committee (1946) and the development of the primary health-care model

• THE HOSPITAL SYSTEM AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PRACTICE

  1 of 36 topics

  • Introduction to Hospital System and Interdisciplinary Framework- Overview of the interdisciplinary approach to health and health services

• MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

  1 of 26 topics

  • Scope and Practice Functions of the Medical Social Worker: core functions and responsibilities of the MSW across institutional types - public

• RESEARCH METHODS

  1 of 24 topics

  • Quantitative Research - Processes and Steps: the research process: from conceptualization to report writing

• COUNSELING

  1 of 18 topics

  • Foundations of Counseling - Definition, nature, and goals of counseling

• HEALTH COMMUNICATION

  1 of 76 topics

  • INCLUSIVE AND CREATIVE APPROACHES

Showing 9 of 323 topics in this subject.Show all 323 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• Anatomy and Physiology of Human body

  1 of 84 topics

  • INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY AS A WHOLE

• Radiation Physics & Radiation Protection

  1 of 103 topics

  • Elementary Mathematics

• Radiography and Dark Room Techniques

  1 of 56 topics

  • The photographic process: Introduction, visible light, images, produced by radiation, light sensitive photography materials

• Basic Radiographic Techniques

  1 of 44 topics

  • Skull: Radiography of cranial bones, sella turcica, orbit, optic foramina, superior fissure and inferior orbital fissure

• Equipment for Radiodiagnosis Including Newer Development and Quality Control

  1 of 18 topics

  • Computed Radiography: principle and applications

• Radiological Procedures

  1 of 17 topics

  • Radiological procedures pertaining to salivary glands

Showing 6 of 322 topics in this subject.Show all 322 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of HP

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• COMPUTER

  1 of 117 topics

  • FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

• MATHEMATICS

  1 of 57 topics

  • Number System

Showing 2 of 174 topics in this subject.Show all 174 topics →

• Introduction to Art

  1 of 3 topics

  • Meaning

• Elements and Principles of Art

  1 of 22 topics

  • Elements of Art: (i)Line (ii) Form (iii) Colour (iv)Tone (v) Space

• Concept of Beauty (Saundarya-shastra)

  1 of 3 topics

  • The Meaning, definition and scope of Indian aesthetics

• Materials used in Painting

  1 of 11 topics

  • Drawing Materials: Dry Media: Graphite pencils (varying hardness, e.g., 2H to 6B)

• Painting Materials

  1 of 11 topics

  • Paints: Watercolours

• Methods& Techniques of Drawing & Sketching

  1 of 2 topics

  • Hatching, Cross-Hatching, Stippling, Scumbling/Scribbling, Blending, etc

• Definition, Materials and Methods of Fresco and Mural Painting

  1 of 3 topics

  • Traditional materials and techniques

• Definition, Methods and techniques of Mosaic painting

  1 topics

  • Methods and Techniques of Tempera Painting. Methods and Techniques of Preparing Earth Colours

• Canvas Stretching and Preparation Techniques

  1 of 5 topics

  • Canvas Stretchers and the technique of stretching canvas on the

• Methods and Techniques of Painting

  1 topics

  • Methods and Techniques of Oil Painting, Methods and Techniques of Watercolour Painting Methods and Techniques of Acrylic Painting

• Mixed Media

  1 topics

  • Definition and Study of Materials, Techniques for making a mixed media artwork

• Prehistoric Indian art

  1 of 14 topics

  • Bhimbetka: Rock shelters (Madhya Pradesh): UNESCO World Heritage Site

• Introduction to Tribal & Folk Art

  1 of 6 topics

  • Tribal and folk art of India: Madhubani Painting (Bihar)

• Indus Valley Civilisation

  1 of 13 topics

  • Terracotta: Used extensively for pottery and figurines

• Maurya period

  1 of 3 topics

  • Ashoka pillars, Sanchi Stupa early stage

• Gupta sculpture and painting; Ajanta and Bagh caves; Early temple architecture

  0 topics

• Rajasthani Miniature painting

  1 of 3 topics

  • Kishangarhi school, Mewar school, Bundi school

• Transition to Modernism

  1 topics

  • Raja Ravi Verma, Bengal School and Abanindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, and Amrita Sher-Gil

• Indian Art Post-Independence

  1 topics

  • Jamini Roy, F. N. Souza, S. H. Raza, M. F. Husain, Ram Kumar, Sankho Chaudhury, D. P. Roy Chaudhuri

• Narrative, Symbolism & Experimental Art

  1 of 2 topics

  • Ganesh Pyne. V. S. Gaitonde, Tyeb Mehta

• Prehistoric Western Art

  1 of 3 topics

  • Palaeolithic cave paintings

• Classical Greek sculpture and architecture; Roman realism, portraiture, and public monuments

  0 topics

• Medieval art

  1 of 2 topics

  • Byzantine art, Early Christian art

• Classical revival and emotional expression

  1 of 3 topics

  • Leonard da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

• Realism

  1 of 2 topics

  • Gustave Courbet, Rembrandt, Édouard Manet, Impressionism: Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas

• Early 20th Century Avant-Garde; Cubism

  1 of 3 topics

  • Pablo Picasso

Showing 24 of 119 topics in this subject.Show all 119 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of Himachal Pradesh

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• Introduction to Art

  1 of 2 topics

  • Meaning, Concept, and Scope of Fine Art. Importance of Art in Life and Education. Aims and objectives of teaching

• Elements and Principles of Art

  1 of 21 topics

  • Elements of Art: (i)Line (ii) Form (iii) Colour (iv)Tone (v) Space (vi) Texture

• Concept of Beauty (Saundarya-shastra)

  1 of 3 topics

  • The Meaning, definition and scope of Indian aesthetics

• Materials used in Painting

  1 of 11 topics

  • Drawing Materials: Dry Media: Graphite pencils (varying hardness, e.g., 2H to 6B)

• Painting Materials

  1 of 11 topics

  • Paints: Watercolours

• Methods& Techniques of Drawing & Sketching

  1 of 2 topics

  • Hatching, Cross-Hatching, Stippling, Scumbling/Scribbling, Blending, etc

• Definition, Materials and Methods of Fresco and Mural Painting

  1 of 3 topics

  • Traditional materials and techniques

• Definition, Methods and techniques of Mosaic painting

  1 topics

  • Methods and Techniques of Tempera Painting. Methods and Techniques of Preparing Earth Colours

• Canvas Stretching and Preparation Techniques

  1 of 3 topics

  • Canvas Stretchers and the technique of stretching canvas on the frame. Preparation of Canvas: (i) Under–priming or Sizing (ii) Casein size (iii) Fish–glue size. Types of Priming or Ground: (i) Oil ground

• Methods and Techniques of Painting

  1 topics

  • Methods and Techniques of Oil Painting, Methods and Techniques of Watercolour Painting Methods and Techniques of Acrylic Painting

• Mixed Media

  1 topics

  • Definition and Study of Materials, Techniques for making a mixed media artwork

• Prehistoric Indian art

  1 of 13 topics

  • Bhimbetka: Rock shelters (Madhya Pradesh): UNESCO World Heritage Site

• Introduction to Tribal & Folk Art

  1 of 6 topics

  • Tribal and folk art of India: Madhubani Painting (Bihar)

• Indus Valley Civilisation

  1 of 13 topics

  • Terracotta: Used extensively for pottery and figurines

• Maurya period

  1 of 3 topics

  • Ashoka pillars, Sanchi Stupa early stage

• Gupta sculpture and painting; Ajanta and Bagh caves; Early temple architecture

  0 topics

• Rajasthani Miniature painting

  1 of 3 topics

  • Kishangarhi school, Mewar school, Bundi school

• Transition to Modernism

  1 topics

  • Raja Ravi Verma, Bengal School and Abanindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, and Amrita Sher-Gil

• Indian Art Post-Independence

  1 topics

  • Jamini Roy, F. N. Souza, S. H. Raza, M. F. Husain, Ram Kumar, Sankho Chaudhury, D. P. Roy Chaudhuri

• Narrative, Symbolism & Experimental Art

  1 of 2 topics

  • Ganesh Pyne. V. S. Gaitonde, Tyeb Mehta

• Prehistoric Western Art

  1 of 3 topics

  • Palaeolithic cave paintings

• Classical Greek sculpture and architecture; Roman realism, portraiture, and public monuments

  0 topics

• Medieval art

  1 of 2 topics

  • Byzantine art, Early Christian art

• Classical revival and emotional expression

  1 of 3 topics

  • Leonard da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

• Realism

  1 of 2 topics

  • Gustave Courbet, Rembrandt, Édouard Manet, Impressionism: Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas

• Early 20th Century Avant-Garde; Cubism

  1 of 3 topics

  • Pablo Picasso

Showing 24 of 114 topics in this subject.Show all 114 topics →

• General knowledge

  1 topics

  • General Knowledge including General knowledge of Himachal Pradesh

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

• EMERGENCE AND PARADIGMS OF PSYCHOLOGY

  1 of 6 topics

  • Development of Eastern and Western Psychological thoughts

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS

  1 of 15 topics

  • Research Foundations

• PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

  1 of 5 topics

  • Test Construction: Item writing and Item analysis

• BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

  1 of 7 topics

  • Sensation, Sensory processes and receptor mechanisms

• COGNITIVE PROCESSES

  11 topics

• THINKING, INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY

  8 topics

• PERSONALITY

  3 topics

• MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

  4 topics

• SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

  6 topics

• HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

  3 topics

• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND INTERVENTIONS

  11 topics

• EMERGING AREAS IN PSYCHOLOGY

  11 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• Basic Concepts of Hindustani Classical Music

  62 topics

• Analytical Study of Hindustani Classical Music

  5 topics

• General Knowledge of Different Musical Style

  16 topics

• Detailed Study of Time Theory of Ragas

  6 topics

• Classification of Ragas in Hindustani Music

  10 topics

• Origin and Development of the Gharana /Baaz System in Hindustani Music

  5 topics

• The concepts of Raag Dhyana, Rasa Sidhant and Aesthetics in Hindustani Music

  6 topics

• History of Indian Classical Music

  3 topics

• Folk Culture of Himachal Pradesh

  16 topics

• Biographies and Contribution of Musicians and Musicologists in Indian Music

  37 topics

• Classical Dance & Folk Tradition in Indian Music

  3 topics

• Detailed & Comparative Study of Following Ragas and Taals

  55 topics

• Detailed study of the following Music Granthas

  18 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

  46 topics

• COMPARATIVE POLITICS

  6 topics

• POLITICAL THEORY

  6 topics

• INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

  11 topics

• COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ANALYSIS

  24 topics

• INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

  29 topics

• INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY

  23 topics

• POLITICAL PROCESSES IN INDIA

  16 topics

• GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA

  30 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY

  5 topics

• THE ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY

  227 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• BUSINESS ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

  68 topics

• BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

  32 topics

• MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

  60 topics

• ACCOUNTING

  117 topics

• STATISTICS ANALYSIS AND RESERCH METHODOLOGY

  63 topics

• TAXATION PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION

  25 topics

• LEGAL FRAMEWORK

  96 topics

• HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

  27 topics

• MARKETING MANAGEMENT

  78 topics

• FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

  45 topics

• CORPORATE GOVERNANCEANDBUSINESSETHICS

  31 topics

• FINANCIALINSTITUTIONSANDMARKETS

  33 topics

• STOCK MARKET OPERATIONS

  22 topics

• E-COMMERCE, DIGITAL MARKETING AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONIN BUSINESS

  66 topics

• ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

  23 topics

• STRATEGICMANAGEMENTANDBUSINESSPOLICY

  69 topics

• SECURITY ANALYSIS & PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

  12 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• Administrative Theory

  12 topics

• Indian Administration

  23 topics

• Administrative Thinkers

  10 topics

• Development Administration

  7 topics

• Financial Administration

  8 topics

• Local Government in India

  9 topics

• Administrative and constitutional aspects of Himachal Pradesh

  16 topics

• Administrative History & Structure

  15 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• MECHANICS

  71 topics

• ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

  87 topics

• WAVES AND OPTICS

  83 topics

• THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

  73 topics

• QUANTUM MECHANICS

  61 topics

• SOLID STATE PHYSICS

  77 topics

• ELECTRONICS

  99 topics

• NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

  71 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• ANCIENT HISTORY

  75 topics

• MEDIEVAL INDIA

  72 topics

• MODERN INDIA

  105 topics

• WORLD HISTORY

  28 topics

• HISTORY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

  22 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• MICRO ECONOMICS

  44 topics

• MACRO ECONOMICS

  28 topics

• Indian Economy

  19 topics

• Economy of Himachal Pradesh

  18 topics

• Statistics for Economists

  23 topics

• International Economics

  11 topics

• Money and Banking

  17 topics

• Public Finance

  24 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• BOTANY

  100 topics

• ZOOLOGY

  69 topics

• COMMON COURSES IN BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY

  125 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

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• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

  111 topics

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

  171 topics

• PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

  111 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.ED

  7 topics

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• General knowledge

  1 topics

• Current Affairs

  0 topics

• Everyday Science

  0 topics

• Logical Reasoning

  0 topics

• Social Science (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General English (10th standard)

  0 topics

• General Hindi (10th standard)

  0 topics

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• Geography as a Discipline

  6 topics

• Basics in Geography

  3 topics

• The Earth

  5 topics

• Earth Movements

  3 topics

• Origin of Continents and Ocean Basins

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

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• FORENSICS

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• SYLLABUS AS PER ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION

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• Knowledge of Plates

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• Introduction to DTP and Scope of Work

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• Introduction to Printing

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  6 topics

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• Basic Knowledge of Printing

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• SUBJECTS AS PER ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION

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• SOCIAL SCIENCE

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• SUBJECTS OF B.ED DEGREE (SPECIAL EDUCATION) AS PER ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION

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  5 topics

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  18 topics

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  10 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 10+2 LEVEL AS PER ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION

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  77 topics

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• Understanding of disabilities

  27 topics

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  10 topics

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  32 topics

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  28 topics

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  7 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF ONE YEAR DIPLOMA IN LIBRARY SCIENCE/LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE AS PER ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION

  38 topics

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  24 topics

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  14 topics

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  10 topics

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  11 topics

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• NUMBER SYSTEMS

  6 topics

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  18 topics

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  26 topics

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  8 topics

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  18 topics

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  27 topics

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  13 topics

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  14 topics

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• TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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• TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (COORDINATE GEOMETRY)

  13 topics

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  19 topics

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• Advanced Grammar and Usage

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  6 topics

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  5 topics

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• SUBJECTS OF 01 YEAR B.Ed

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• GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

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• FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED HISTO-PATHOLOGY

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  39 topics

• FUNDAMENTAL OF HEAMATOLOGY

  7 topics

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  20 topics

• IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA (SYSTEMIC MICROBIOLOGY)

  19 topics

• APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

  27 topics

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• Forensic Science

  101 topics

  • History and development of Forensic Science: General Forensic Science definition
  • Specific contribution of scientists in the field of Forensic Science. Development of Forensic Science in India. National and international scenario of teaching and research institution in Forensic Science
  • Basic of Forensic Science: Introduction
  • Definition
  • need
  • signification and scope of Forensic Science. Principles of Forensic Science
  • Locard's exchange principle
  • law of natural variation
  • law of comparison
  • law of probability
  • and law of indivualisation. Domains in Forensic Science: Forensic Biology
  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Forensic Physics
  • Forensic Photography
  • Ballistics
  • Fingerprint
  • Questioned Documents
  • Forensic Psychology
  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Wild life Forensic
  • DNA profiling
  • Computer Forensic etc
  • Functions of Forensic Scientist
  • Police officers
  • Prosecution
  • Judicial Officers and Medico legal expert etc. Ethical issue in Forensic Science: Definition of ethics
  • professional standards for practice of Criminalistics
  • sanction against expert for unethical conduct. Frye standard and Daubart standard
  • Organization set up of Forensic Science Laboratory: Structure and function of State and regional Forensic Science Laboratory
  • Central Forensic Science Laboratory
  • FBI and facility provided
  • Mobile Forensic Science Laboratory and Directorate of Forensic Science Services. Police and Forensic scientist relationship
  • role of FSL in criminal investigation
  • relationship between forensic expert and judiciary officer
  • Importance of FSL
  • National and International scenario of FSL
  • facilities provided in forensic science laboratory. Ethical issue in FSLs
  • Crime scene investigation and management: Definition of crime scene
  • crimes without scene. Duties of crime scene investigator
  • processing of scene of crime: plan of action
  • protection of scene of crime
  • photography and video recording
  • documentation of crime scene and forwarding or dispatch of exhibit in to the laboratory. Classification of crime scene: indoor & outdoor
  • primary & secondary crime scene and search methods. Significance of crime scene
  • chain of custody and integrity of physical evidence. Standard operating instructions for collection of physical evidences and digital evidence from scene of crime and hash value. Definition of physical evidence
  • classification of physical evidence
  • types of physical evidences
  • sources of physical evidence
  • signification and value of physical evidence
  • linkage between crime scene
  • victim and criminal
  • Quality Management System (QMS): ISO/IEC 17025 Standards
  • ISO 9001 Standards
  • NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) accreditation
  • certification
  • calibration
  • proficiency testing
  • Blind testing
  • inter and intra laboratory comparison
  • internal audit
  • uncertainty measurements
  • limit of detection (LOD)
  • and limit of quantification
  • Toxicology : Toxicology: Introduction & Scope
  • Definition & Classification of poisons: based on their origin
  • mode of action and chemical nature. Routes of administration: Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism and Excretion
  • Classification of poisoning: accidental
  • homicidal
  • suicidal and miscellaneous
  • lethal dose (LD50)
  • sign and symptoms of poisons and antidotes. Factors affecting the intensity of poisoning
  • Classification of matrices- Biological
  • non-biological and Viscera. Methods of extraction for volatile poisons of organic and inorganic nature: Solvent extraction
  • distillation /steam distillation
  • micro diffusion
  • dialysis
  • dry ashing
  • wet digestion
  • modified Stas-Otto method
  • ammonium sulphate method. Extraction of poisons from blood
  • urine
  • stomach wash and vomit and food material
  • Analysis of poisonous carbon monoxide (CO) gas
  • Analysis of methanol
  • Acetone
  • Chloroform
  • Analysis of toxic metals (Hg, Pb, As, Cd and Cr)
  • Analysis of pesticides: Organo chlorinated
  • organophosphoro
  • carbamates
  • pyrethroids
  • aluminum phosphide and zinc phosphide. Analysis of corrosive and irritant poisons (mineral acids and alkalis). Estimation of ethanol in breath
  • blood and urine. Metabolism: metabolism of common poisons
  • their distribution and excretion. Food poisoning: sign and symptoms. Plant poison: introduction
  • classification and their main active constituents
  • commonly encountered poisonous animals (snake):sign and symptoms
  • Alkaloids- Definition
  • classification and general properties. Introduction to Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic substances
  • Preliminary screening methods for drugs of abuse (cannabis, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, tramadol, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine)

• Chemistry

  522 topics

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Atomic Structure. Review of Bohr’s theory and its limitations
  • dual behaviour of matter and radiation
  • de Broglie’s relation
  • Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
  • Hydrogen atom spectra
  • Need of a new approach to Atomic structure
  • Schrodinger wave equation and meaning of various terms in it
  • Significance of ψ and ψ2
  • Radial and angular nodes and their significance
  • Radial distribution functions and the concept of the most probable distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals
  • Significance of quantum numbers
  • Shapes of s
  • p and d atomic orbitals
  • nodal planes. Rules for filling electrons in various orbitals
  • Electronic configurations of the atoms. Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
  • concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals
  • Anomalous electronic configurations. Slater rules and applications
  • Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure. Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic bonding
  • lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of lattice energy
  • Born-Haber cycle and its applications
  • polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules
  • ionic character in covalent compounds
  • bond moment
  • dipole moment and percentage ionic character. Covalent bonding- VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear
  • trigonal planar
  • square planar
  • tetrahedral
  • trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds. MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method
  • bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s
  • s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals
  • nonbonding combination of orbitals
  • MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules up to Ne (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO
  • NO and NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches
  • Hydrogen Unique position of Hydrogen in the periodic table
  • isotopes
  • ortho and para hydrogen
  • Industrial production
  • Hydrides and their chemistry
  • Heavy water
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Hydrates
  • S-Block Elements. Periodicity of elements with respect to electronic configuration
  • atomic and ionic size
  • ionization enthalpy
  • electron gain enthalpy
  • electro negativity (Pauling Scale). General characteristics of s-block elements like density
  • melting points
  • flame colouration and reducing character
  • solvation and complexation tendencies and solutions of metals in liquid ammonia
  • P- Block Elements. Comparative studies including diagonal relationship of group 13 and 14 elements. Boro hydrides
  • Hydrides
  • oxide and oxy-acids and halides of boron
  • borax
  • Borazine
  • allotropic forms of carbon
  • fullerenes
  • carbides of calcium and silicon. Hydrides
  • oxides
  • oxoacids and halides of nitrogen. Allotropic forms of phosphorous. Hydrides
  • halides
  • oxides and oxyacids of phosphorous. Basic properties of halogens and inter halogen compounds
  • pseudohalogens and poly halides
  • Noble Gases. Occurrence of noble gases
  • History of discovery of noble gases and isolation of noble gases form air. Preparation properties and structure of important compounds of noble gases-flourides
  • oxyflorides of xenon (valence bond structure only). Krypton difloride and clatherate compounds of noble gases
  • Lanthanides and Actinides: Electronic configurations
  • oxidation states
  • colour
  • magnetic properties
  • lanthanide contraction
  • separation of lanthanides and actinides (ion exchange method only). Spectral and magnetic properties
  • comparison of Inner transition and transition metals
  • Transuranium elements (formation and colour of ions in aqueous solution)
  • uses of lanthanide compounds as shift reagents
  • periodicity of translawrencium elements
  • Non-Aqueous Solvents: Factors justifying the need of Non-Aqueous solution Chemistry and failure of water as a Solvent. Solution chemistry of Sulphuric acid: Physical properties
  • Ionic self-dehydration in H2SO4
  • high electrical conductance in spite of high viscosity
  • Chemistry of H2SO4 as an acid
  • as a dehydrating agent
  • as an oxidizing agent
  • as a medium to carry out acid-base neutralization reaction and as a differentiating solvent. Liquid BrF 3: Physical properties
  • solubilities in BrF3
  • self-ionization
  • acid base neutralization reactions
  • solvolytic reactions and formation of transition metal fluorides
  • Acids and Bases. Arrhenius
  • Bronsted and Lowry
  • Lewis
  • Lux flood and solvent system concepts of acids and bases. Classification of acids and bases as hard and soft. Pearson’s HSAB concept
  • application of HSAB principle. Relative strength of acids and bases and effect of substituents and solvent on their strength
  • Crystal Field Theory: Crystal field effect
  • octahedral symmetry. Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)
  • Crystal field effects for weak and strong fields. Tetrahedral symmetry. Factors affecting the magnitude of CF splitting. Spectrochemical series. Comparison of CF Splitting for Octahedral and tetrahedral complexes
  • Tetragonal distortion of octahedral geometry. Jahn- Teller distortion
  • Square planar coordination
  • Atomic Spectroscopy: Energy levels in an atom
  • coupling of orbital angular momenta
  • coupling of spin angular momenta
  • spin orbit coupling
  • Determining the Ground State Terms-Hund’s Rule
  • Calculation of the number of the microstates
  • Magnetochemistry: Origin of Magnetic moment
  • Magnetic susceptibility (diamagnetic, paramagnetic)
  • spin only moment
  • Russell Saunder’s coupling
  • quenching of orbital angular moment
  • orbital contribution to a magnetic moment
  • magnetic moments from magnetic susceptibilities
  • temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility
  • Factors determining paramagnetism
  • application of magnetochemistry in co-ordination chemistry in spin free and spin paired octahedral and tetrahedral complexes
  • Van Vlecks formula for magnetic susceptibility
  • Metal π Complexes: Preparation
  • reactions
  • structures and bonding in carbonyl
  • nitrosyl and phosphine complexes
  • structural evidences from vibrational spectra. Structure and bonding in metal cyanides
  • stabilization of unusual oxidation states of transition metals
  • Introductory Analytical Chemistry: Data Analysis– Types and sources of errors
  • propagation of errors
  • detection and minimization of various types of
  • errors. Accuracy and precision
  • average and standard deviation
  • variance
  • its analysis and confidence interval
  • tests of significance (F-test, t-test and paired t-test)
  • criteria for the rejection of analytical data (4d rule, Q-test, average deviation and standard deviation)
  • least-square analysis
  • Nuclear Chemistry: Nuclear binding energy and stability
  • nuclear models (nuclear shell model and collective model). Nuclear reactions: types of reactions
  • nuclear cross-sections
  • Q-value. Natural and artificial radioactivity
  • radioactive decay and equilibrium
  • Nuclear fission
  • fission product and fission yields
  • Nuclear fusion. Radioactive techniques: Tracer technique
  • (neutron activation analysis)
  • Counting techniques such as G.M. Ionization and proportional counters
  • Atomic Spectroscopy: Theory of flame photometer
  • intensities of spectral lines
  • selection of optimal working conditions
  • applications of flame photometry to quantitative analysis. The Theory of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
  • Origin of atomic spectra
  • instrumentation and its application
  • Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) and the detailed description of the techniques of inductively coupled plasma AES (ICP-AES) and its instrumentation. Chemical and spectral interferences encountered in both techniques and how to overcome them
  • Chromatographic methods: Definition
  • general introduction on principles of chromatography
  • paper chromatography
  • TLC etc. a. Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Fe3+ and Al3+). b. To compare paint samples by TLC method. Ion-exchange: Column
  • ion-exchange chromatography etc. Determination of ion exchange capacity of anion / cation exchange resin (using batch procedure if use of column is not feasible).Chromatographic behavior of solutes. Column efficiency and resolution. Instrumentation
  • columns
  • solvent systems and detection methods and applications and comparison of Gas chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
  • Metalloporphyrins: Porphyrins and their salient features
  • characteristic absorption spectrum of porphyrins
  • chlorophyll (structure and its role in photosynthesis). Transport of Iron in microorganisms (siderophores)
  • types of siderophores (catecholate and Hydroxamatosiderophores)
  • Metalloenzymes: Definitions: Apoenzyme, Coenzyme, Metalloenzyme, structure and functions of Carboxy peptidases and Carbonic anhydrase
  • Oxygen Carriers: a) Natural oxygen carriers: Structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin
  • Bohr effect
  • Models for cooperative interaction in hemoglobin
  • oxygen Transport in human body (-perutzmachanism)
  • Cyanide poisoning and its remedy. Non-hemeprotiens (Hemerythrin&Hemocyanin)
  • Transport and storage of metals: The transport mechanism
  • transport of alkali and alkaline earth metals
  • ionophores
  • transport by neutral macrocycles and anionic carriers
  • sodium/potassium pump
  • transport and storage of Iron (Transferrin & Ferritin)
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. Physical Effects
  • Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect
  • Electromeric Effect
  • Resonance and Hyperconjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis. Structure
  • shape and reactivity of organic molecules: Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations
  • Carbanions and free radicals. Strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Aromaticity: Benzenoids and Hückel’s rule
  • Stereochemistry. Conformations with respect to ethane
  • butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge Formula
  • Newman
  • Sawhorse and Fischer projections. Concept of chirality (upto two carbon atoms). Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism
  • Enantiomerism, Diastereomerism and Meso compounds). Threo and erythro
  • D and L
  • cis - trans nomenclature
  • CIP Rules: R/ S and E / Z Nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems).Racemic mixture and Racimization
  • Resolution of Racemic mixtures
  • Measurement of optical activity
  • optical purity
  • epimerization
  • epimers
  • anomers and mutarotation
  • Axial Chirality (Allenes and Biphenyls)
  • Planar chirality
  • Helicity
  • Chirality involving atoms other than carbon atoms
  • Prochirality: prostreoisomerism and Asymmetric synthesis
  • Alkanes: Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation
  • Wurtz reaction
  • Kolbe’s synthesis
  • from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation
  • Alkenes: Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule)
  • cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Reactions: cis- addition (alk. KMnO4) and trans-addition (bromine)
  • Addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti Markownikoff’s addition)
  • Hydration
  • Ozonolysis
  • oxymecuration-demercuration
  • Hydroboration-oxidation
  • Alkynes: Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes
  • by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides. Reactions: Formation of metal acetylides
  • addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4
  • ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alkaline KMnO4
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons. Preparation (Case benzene): from phenol
  • by decarboxylation
  • from acetylene
  • from benzene sulphonic acid. Reactions: (Case benzene): Electrophilic substitution: nitration
  • halogenation and sulphonation. Friedel-Craft’s reaction (alkylation and acylation). Side chain oxidation of alkyl benzenes
  • Alkyl Halides. Types of Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1, SN2 and SNi) reactions. Preparation: from alkenes and alcohols. Reactions: hydrolysis
  • nitrite & nitro formation
  • nitrile &isonitrile formation
  • Williamson’s ether synthesis. Aryl Halides Preparation: (Chloro, bromo and iodo-benzene case): from phenol
  • Sandmeyer&Gattermann reactions. Reactions (Chlorobenzene): Aromatic nucleophilic substitution (replacement by –OH group) and effect of nitro substituent. Benzyne Mechanism: KNH2/NH3 (or NaNH2/NH3). Reactivity and Relative strength of C-Halogen bond in alkyl
  • allyl
  • benzyl
  • vinyl and aryl halides
  • Alcohols: Preparation: Preparation of alcohols: using Grignard reagent
  • Ester hydrolysis
  • Reduction of aldehydes
  • ketones
  • carboxylic acid and esters. Reactions: With sodium
  • HX (Lucas test)
  • esterification
  • oxidation (with PCC
  • alk. KMnO4, acidic dichromate, conc. HNO3). Oppeneauer oxidation Diols: oxidation of diols. Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement
  • Phenols: Preparation: Cumenehydroperoxide method
  • from diazonium salts. Reactions: Electrophilic substitution: Nitration
  • halogenation and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann Reaction
  • Gattermann-Koch Reaction
  • Houben–Hoesch Condensation
  • Schotten – Baumann Reaction
  • Ethers (aliphatic and aromatic): Cleavage of ethers with HI
  • Aldehydes and ketones (aliphatic and aromatic): (Formaldehye, acetaldehyde, acetone and benzaldehyde) Preparation: From acid chlorides and from nitriles. Reactions: Reaction with HCN
  • ROH
  • NaHSO3
  • NH2-G derivatives. Iodoform test. Aldol Condensation
  • Cannizzaro’s reaction
  • Wittig reaction
  • Benzoin condensation. Clemensen reduction and Wolff Kishner reduction. Meerwein-PondorffVerley reduction
  • Carboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic) - Preparation: Acidic and Alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Reactions: Hell – Vohlard - Zelinsky Reaction. Carboxylic acid derivatives (aliphatic): Preparation: Acid chlorides
  • Anhydrides
  • Esters and Amides from acids and their inter conversion. Reactions: Comparative study of nucleophilicity of acyl derivatives. Reformatsky Reaction
  • Perkin condensation
  • Amines and Diazonium Salts Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): Preparation: from alkyl halides
  • Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis
  • Hofmann Bromamide reaction. Reactions: Hofmann vs. Saytzeff elimination
  • Carbylamine test
  • Hinsberg test
  • reaction with HNO2
  • Schotten – Baumann Reaction. Electrophilic substitution: nitration
  • bromination
  • sulphonation. Diazonium salts: Preparation: from aromatic amines. Reactions: conversion to benzene
  • phenol
  • dyes
  • Polynuclear Hydrocarbons: Synthesis & reactions of Naphthalene
  • Anthracene &Phenanthrene. Relative reactivity of these compounds at various positions. Fractional Distillation (Principle and process)
  • Cracking (Thermal and catalytic cracking)
  • Reforming Petroleum and non-petroleum fuels (LPG, CNG, LNG, bio-gas, fuels derived from biomass)
  • fuel from waste
  • synthetic fuels (gaseous and liquids)
  • clean fuels. Petrochemicals: Vinyl acetate
  • Propylene oxide
  • Isoprene
  • Butadiene
  • Toluene and its derivatives Xylene
  • Synthetic dyes: Colour and constitution [electronic concept], classification of
  • dyes. Chemistry and synthesis of methyl orange
  • congo red
  • malachite green
  • crystal violet
  • phenolphthalein
  • fluorescein
  • alizarin and indigo
  • Carbohydrates: Classification
  • and General Properties
  • Glucose and Fructose (open chain and cyclic structure)
  • Determination of configuration of monosaccharides
  • absolute configuration of Glucose and Fructose
  • Mutarotation
  • ascending and descending in monosaccharide. Structure of 10 | P a g e disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation
  • Amino Acids
  • Peptides and Proteins. Classification of Amino Acids
  • Zwitterion structure and Isoelectric point. Overview of Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins. Determination of primary structure of peptides
  • determination of N-terminal amino acid (by DNFB and Edman method) and C–terminal amino acid (by thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme)
  • Synthesis of simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (tbutyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid phase synthesis
  • Nucleic Acids Components of Nucleic acids: Adenine
  • guanine
  • thymine and Cytosine (Structure only)
  • other components of nucleic acids
  • Nucleosides and nucleotides (nomenclature)
  • Structure of polynucleotides
  • Structure of DNA (Watson Crick model) and RNA(types of RNA)
  • Genetic Code
  • Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication
  • Transcription and Translation
  • Concept of Energy in Biosystems. Calorific value of food. Standard caloric content of carbohydrates
  • proteins and fats. Oxidation of foodstuff (organic molecules) as a source of energy for cells. Introduction to Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism)
  • ATP: the universal currency of cellular energy
  • ATP hydrolysis and free energy change. Conversion of food into energy. Outline of catabolic pathways of Carbohydrate- Glycolysis
  • Fermentation
  • Krebs Cycle. Overview of catabolic pathways of Fats and Proteins. Interrelationships in the metabolic pathways of Proteins
  • Fats and Carbohydrates
  • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics:Pharmacokinetics: Introduction to drug absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • elimination using pharmacokinetics. Importance of pharmacokinetic parameters in defining drug distribution and in therapeutics. Importance of pharmacokinetics in drug development process. Pharmacodynamics: Introduction
  • elementary treatment of enzyme stimulation
  • enzyme inhibition
  • membrane active drugs
  • drug metabolism
  • xenobiotics
  • biotransformation
  • Significance of drug metabolism in medicinal chemistry. 11 | P a g e
  • UV-Visible Spectroscopy. Basic Principles
  • Electromagnetic radiations
  • electronic transitions
  • λmax. & Ԑmax. chromophore
  • auxochrome
  • bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts. Ultra Violet bands of carbonyl compounds
  • unsaturated carbonyl compounds
  • dienes
  • conjugated polyenes
  • Steric effect in biphenyls
  • Fieser- Woodward rules for conjugated dienes and carbonyl compounds
  • ultra violet spectra of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds
  • IR Spectroscopy. Infrared radiation and types of molecular vibrations
  • functional group and fingerprint region. Instrumentation and sample handling
  • Characteristic vibrational frequencies of common organic compounds
  • Effect of hydrogen bonding and solvent effect on vibrational frequencies
  • overtones
  • combination bands and Fermi resonance. IR spectra of alkanes
  • alkenes and simple alcohols (inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding)
  • aldehydes
  • carboxylic acids and their derivatives (effect of substitution on >C=O stretching absorptions)
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Principle of nuclear magnetic resonance
  • number of signals
  • peak areas equivalent & non-equivalent protons
  • positions of signals
  • chemical shift. Shielding &deshielding of protons
  • proton counting
  • splitting of signals & coupling constants
  • magnetic equivalence of protons
  • chemical exchange
  • effect of deuteration
  • complex spin-spin interaction between two and three nuclei
  • Mass Spectrometry: Introduction
  • ion production—EI
  • FD and FAB
  • factors affecting fragmentation
  • ion analysis
  • and ion abundance. Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds
  • common functional groups
  • Molecular ion peak
  • Meta stable peak
  • McLafferty rearrangement. Nitrogen Rule. Examples of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds with respect to their structure determination
  • Photochemistry: Introduction and Basic principles of photochemistry. Interaction of electromagnetic radiations with matter
  • Types of excitations
  • fate of excited molecules
  • quantum yield
  • transfer of excitation energy
  • actinometry. Photochemistry of alkenes: cis-trans isomerization
  • dimerization 12 | P a g e of alkenes
  • photochemistry of conjugated olefins
  • photo oxidation of alkenes and polyenes Photochemistry of Aromatic compounds: Isomerization
  • addition and substitution
  • photo-reduction of aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Photochemistry of Carbonyl compounds: Norrish Type I and II
  • Intermolecular and Intramolecular hydrogen abstraction
  • Paterno -Buchi reaction
  • α and β- cleavage reactions of cyclic and acyclic carbonyl compounds
  • Formation of oxetane and cyclobutane from α
  • β unsaturated ketones
  • Photo-reduction of carbonyl compounds
  • Photo rearrangement of enones
  • dienones
  • epoxyketones
  • Photo Fries rearrangement
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Kinetic Theory of Gases. Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases and derivation of the kinetic gas equation. Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour
  • compressibility factor
  • causes of deviation. van der Waals equation of state for real gases. Boyle temperature (derivation not required). Critical phenomena
  • critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation
  • Andrews isotherms of CO2
  • Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities and molecular energies (graphic representation – derivation not required) and their importance
  • Temperature dependence of these distributions
  • Most probable
  • average and root mean square velocities. Collision cross section
  • collision number
  • collision frequency
  • collision diameter and mean free path of molecules
  • Liquids. Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer. Viscosity of a liquid and determination of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer. Effect of temperature on surface tension and coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only)
  • Solids. Forms of solids. Symmetry elements
  • unit cells
  • crystal systems
  • Bravais lattice types and identification of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial angles
  • Law of rational indices. Miller indices. X Ray diffraction by crystals
  • Bragg’s law. 13 | P a g e
  • Solutions. Thermodynamics of ideal solutions: Ideal solutions and Raoult’s law
  • deviations from Raoult’s law – non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure- composition and temperature composition curves of ideal and non-ideal solutions. Distillation of solutions. Lever rule. Azeotropes. Partial miscibility of liquids: Critical solution temperature
  • effect of impurity on partial miscibility of liquids. Nernst distribution law and its applications, solvent extraction
  • Chemical Kinetics. The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature
  • pressure
  • catalyst and other factors on reaction rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for zero
  • first and second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of reactants)
  • Half–life of a reaction
  • General methods for determination of order of a reaction
  • Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius equation
  • Theories of Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated Complex theory of bimolecular reactions
  • Chain / free radical reactions
  • thermal (H2 – Br2) and photochemical H2 – Cl2) reactions
  • Corrosion: causes and types of corrosion, electrochemical theories of corrosion
  • Phase Equilibrium. Phases
  • components and degrees of freedom of a system
  • criteria of phase equilibrium. Gibbs Phase Rule and its thermodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius – Clapeyron equation and its importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of one-component systems (water and sulphur) and two component systems involving eutectics
  • congruent and incongruent melting points (lead-silver, NaCl-H2O and Mg-Zn only)
  • Electrochemistry. Conductivity
  • equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes
  • Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions
  • Transference number and its experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving boundary methods
  • Ionic mobility
  • Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte
  • solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts
  • ionic product of water
  • hydrolysis constant of a salt. 14 | P a g e Conductometric titrations (only acid base)
  • Reversible and irreversible cells
  • Concept of EMF of a cell
  • Measurement of EMF of a cell
  • Nernst equation and its importance
  • Types of electrodes
  • Standard electrode potential
  • Electrochemical series
  • Thermodynamics of a reversible cell
  • calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG
  • ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode
  • Chemical Energetics: Review of thermodynamics and the Laws of Thermodynamics. Important principles and definitions of thermochemistry. Concept of standard state and standard enthalpies of formations
  • integral and differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation of bond energy
  • bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data
  • Variation of enthalpy of a reaction with temperature – Kirchhoff’s equation
  • Statement of Third Law of thermodynamics and calculation of absolute entropies of substances
  • Partial molal quantities
  • Partial molal free energy and its variation with temperature and pressure
  • Determination of partial molar volume
  • Carnot cycle
  • Thermodynamic criteria for the feasibility of the process in terms of entropy change
  • internal energy change
  • enthalpy and free energy (Gibb’s and Helmholtz ) change. Gibb’s and Helmholtz equation and its utility in cell reaction. Thermodynamics of ideal solutions. Fugacity and activity
  • Statistical Thermodynamics: Basic Terminology: probability
  • phase space
  • micro and macro states
  • thermodynamic probability
  • statistical weight
  • assembly
  • ensemble
  • The most probable distribution: Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
  • quantum statistics: The Bose- Einstein statistics and Fermi- Dirac Statistics. Thermodynamic probability (W) for the three types of statistics. Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers. Stirling’s approximation
  • Molecular partition function and its importance
  • Quantum Chemistry. Operators in quantum mechanics. Introduction to angular momentum. Eignvalues and eignfunctions. Hermitian operator. 15 | P a g e Postulates of quantum mechanics. Time dependent and time independent Schrodinger wave equations
  • Adsorption
  • Adsorption at solid – gas interface: Concept of ideal and non – ideal adsorption
  • Heat of adsorption
  • Types of adsorption isotherms
  • Single – layer adsorption – Langmuir adsorption isotherm and its derivation
  • Catalytic activities at surfaces: adsorption and catalysis
  • Adsorption at solid – liquid interface: Gibbs adsorption equation
  • Isotherms of concentration and temperature change for the adsorption in solutions
  • Catalytic activity at surfaces: adsorption and catalysis
  • the Langmuir – Hinshelwood mechanism
  • the Eley – Rideal mechanism. Examples of catalysis: hydrogenation
  • oxidation and cracking and reforming
  • Chemical Equilibrium: Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical equilibrium. Distinction between ΔG and ΔGo
  • Le Chatelier’s principle. Relationships between Kp
  • Kc and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases
  • Ionic Equilibria: Strong
  • moderate and weak electrolytes
  • degree of ionization
  • factors affecting degree of ionization
  • ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases
  • pH scale
  • common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant
  • degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle
  • Raman spectroscopy Qualitative treatment of Rotational Raman effect
  • Effect of nuclear spin, Vibrational Raman spectra, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines
  • their intensity difference, rule of mutual exclusion
  • Electronic spectroscopy. Franck-Condon principle
  • singlet and triplet states
  • fluorescence and phosphorescence
  • calculation of electronic transitions of polyenes using free electron model.Photophysical processes of electronically excited molecules (Jablonski Diagram). Energy transfer from electronically excited molecules (Stern – Volmer mechanism). 16 | P a g e
  • Molecular Spectroscopy. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules and various types of spectra
  • Born Oppenheimer approximation. Rotation spectroscopy: Selection rules
  • determination of bond lengths of diatomic and linear triatomic molecules
  • isotopic substitution. Vibrational spectroscopy: Classical equation of vibration
  • computation of force constant
  • amplitude of diatomic molecular vibrations
  • anharmonicity
  • Morse potential
  • dissociation energies
  • fundamental frequencies
  • hot bands
  • degrees of freedom for polyatomic molecules
  • modes of vibration
  • concept of group frequencies. Vibration-rotation spectroscopy: diatomic vibrating rotator
  • R branches
  • Photochemistry. Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation
  • Lambert- Beer’s law and its limitations
  • physical significance of absorption coefficients. Laws
  • of photochemistry
  • examples of low and high quantum yields
  • photochemical equilibrium and the differential rate of photochemical reactions
  • photo-sensitised reactions
  • quenching. Role of photochemical reactions in biochemical processes
  • photo-stationary states
  • chemiluminescence

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• Subjects upto 10+2

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• SYLLABUS OF JBT COURSE /D.EL.ED COURSE

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• Logical Reasoning 12 | P a g e

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• Ancient History (upto 1206 AD)

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• Economics

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• Political Science

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• Emergence, Administrative History, Administrative Set up of HP

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• Meaning; History of Sociology (Origin and Development); Nature and Significance

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• Subjects of B.Ed Course Childhood and Development Years; Contemporary India and Education; Language Across the Curriculum

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• Current Affairs (10th standard)

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