Forestry Research ICFRE

• Cryptogams

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Algae
  • Fungi
  • Bryophytes
  • Pteridophytes - structure and reproduction from evolutonary viewpoint

• Phanerogams

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Gymnosperms
  • Concept of Progymonosperms
  • Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms
  • Salient features of Cycadales

• Angiosperm

  132 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Plants morphology, Inflorescences, Botanical Nomenclature- Salient Features of the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN), Principles, Type method, author citation, Publication of names, rejection of names
  • Basionym
  • synonym
  • tautonym etc. Principle of priority

• Plant Anatomy

  79 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Basic structure and function of plant cells
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma

• Microbiology and Plant Pathology

  17 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Viruses
  • bacteria
  • and plasmids-structure and reproduction
  • Phyto-immunology

• Plant Utility and Exploitation

  15 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Origin of cultivated plants
  • Vavilov's centres of origin
  • Plants as sources for timber
  • food

• Morphogenesis

  7 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Totipotency
  • polarity
  • symmetry and differentiation
  • Cell

• Cell Biology

  17 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Techniques of Cell Biology
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultrastructural details
  • Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane and vesicular transport
  • Structure and function of cell organelles

• Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution

  15 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Development of genetics
  • gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles)
  • Quantitative genetics and multiple factors
  • Linkage and crossing over

• Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Methods of plant breeding -- introduction
  • selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method)
  • Male sterility and heterosis breeding
  • Use of apomixis in plant breeding

• Physiology and Biochemistry

  21 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Water relations
  • Mineral nutrition and ion transport
  • mineral deficiencies
  • Photosynthesis

• Ecology and Plant Geography

  19 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Ecological factors
  • Concepts and dynamics of community
  • Plant succession
  • Concepts of biosphere

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• Organic Chemistry

  67 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Organic Nomenclature
  • IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers
  • Stereochemistry
  • Principles, chirality of organic molecules with or without chiral centres and determination of their absolute configurations, configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds

• Inorganic Chemistry

  69 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Chemical periodicity
  • Basic concept of periodicity
  • periodic properties of s
  • d- and f-block elements

• Physical Chemistry

  71 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Basic principles
  • operator algebra
  • exactlysolvable systems

• Recent and Applied Chemistry

  5 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • General concepts and applications
  • Environmental and Green chemistry
  • Nanaotechnology in chemistry
  • Medicinal chemistry

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• Insect Biodiversity and Biosystematics

  22 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Evolution of insects
  • introduction to class Insecta and its position in phylum Arthropoda
  • history of insect classification
  • phylogeny

• Commercial Entomology and other beneficial insects

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Apiculture
  • Lac culture
  • Sericulture
  • Pollinators

• Insects and climate change

  0 टॉपिक

• Ecological indicators of forest health

  0 टॉपिक

• Bioinformatics

  0 टॉपिक

• Insect Morphology

  20 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Insect body structure
  • cuticular outgrowths
  • colouration and special integumentary structures in insects
  • body tagmata

• Insect Physiology and Anatomy

  39 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Scope and importance of insect anatomy and physiology
  • anatomy and physiology of digestive
  • excretory
  • respiratory

• Insect Ecology

  16 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of ecology, environment and its components-biotic and abiotic factors and their effects on growth, development, population dynamics, distribution and dispersal
  • Principle of biogeography and insects biodiversity
  • Biotic potential and environmental resistance
  • Ecosystems

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

  20 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • History
  • principles and concepts of IPM
  • ecological and socioeconomic aspects
  • concept of injury level

• Host Plant Resistance

  14 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Chemical ecology
  • mechano and chemo receptors
  • Insect plant interactions
  • mechanism of host plant selection by insects

• Biological Control of Insect Pests

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Importance, scope, components and concepts of biological control, history of biological control: Important entomophagous insect orders and families
  • Evaluation and application of bio-control agents against insect pests for forest tree species
  • Principles and procedures of using exotic biocontrol agents
  • Mass multiplication techniques

• Chemical Control and Toxicology

  16 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • History
  • scope and principles of chemical control
  • Classification of insecticides
  • formulations

• Insect Pests and their Management

  27 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Classification of forest insect pests
  • type of damages and symptoms
  • Factors for outbreak of pests in plantation and natural forest
  • Distribution

• Recent Trends in Entomology

  13 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Molecular insect systematic and taxonomy
  • genetic improvement and insect gene transformation of natural enemies
  • and Relative insect resistance in plant species
  • Genetic engineering in baculoviruses

इस विषय के 206 टॉपिक में से 44 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 206 टॉपिक देखें →

• Fundamentals of Ecology

  44 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Introduction
  • Definition
  • evolutionary/historical background
  • principle and scope

• Ecosystem Analysis

  17 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Major ecosystems
  • Concept of Biosphere and ecosystem
  • evaluation of ecosystem
  • major biomes & biogeographic regions of India and world

• Forest Ecology

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Forest types of India
  • structure and biota
  • mycorrrhizae and forests
  • forests and forestry in India

• Conservation Ecology

  16 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Introduction
  • Definition of conservation
  • postulates of conservation biology
  • the origin and evolution of living organisms

• Restoration Ecology

  29 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Introduction
  • Definition
  • aims and objectives of restoration
  • principles

• Pollution and Climatic Change

  6 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Air
  • water
  • soil and noise pollution
  • bioremediation

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• Basics of Forest Economics and associated quantitative methods

  35 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Micro and macroeconomics
  • Relevance of economics to forestry sector
  • Definition of Forest Industry Economics and Forest Management Economics
  • How Forest Economics is different from normal economics? Economic indicators of contribution of forestry to GDP of a country

• Production Forestry

  13 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Concept of Production Functions (Single and Multiple Input cases)
  • their characteristics and forms
  • Production Possibility Curve
  • Production theory as applied to forestry

• Markets and firms

  43 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Definition of Market
  • Role of markets in forestry sector
  • Forms and types of markets - Perfect Competition
  • Imperfect competition - Monopoly

• Non-Timber Forest Products and Forest Valuation, Forest Resource Economics

  30 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Forest based ecosystem services
  • Direct
  • indirect
  • use and non-use values

• Applications of Forest Economics

  42 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Sources of revenue
  • Risk and Uncertainty
  • Treatment of time horizons
  • Concept of Rotation

इस विषय के 163 टॉपिक में से 20 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 163 टॉपिक देखें →

• Silviculture

  26 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Forest ecosystem
  • classification of world’s forest vegetation
  • productivity and vegetation forms of India
  • forest composition

• Agroforestry

  20 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • History in India
  • potential and scope
  • systems of the world and India
  • National Agroforestry Policy

• Forest Biometry

  16 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Measurement of tree parameters
  • modern tools and techniques
  • estimation of volume
  • growth and yield

• Forest Management

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Principles
  • scope and object
  • ecosystem management
  • development of forest management in India

• Forest Products and Forest Industries

  34 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • forest based industries
  • importance
  • chemistry of forest products
  • cell wall constituents

• Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation

  17 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • forest ecology
  • forest productivity
  • ecology of forest landscapes
  • spatial heterogeneity

• Forest Resource Management and Economics

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • economics in forest management
  • application of micro and macro-economics
  • demand and supply
  • marketing

• Forest Protection

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Important diseases and insect pests and their management
  • assessment of losses
  • vertebrate pests
  • adverse weather

• Forest Policy And Laws And International Conventions

  11 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • National Forest Policies
  • principles of criminal law
  • Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS)
  • Bhartiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)

• Reproductive Biology and Tree Improvement

  27 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Reproductive Biology
  • artificial vegetative propagation
  • special modes of reproduction
  • mating system dynamics

• Forests And People

  24 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Forests and its importance
  • forest societies
  • interactions with people
  • social and cultural factors

• Plantation Forestry

  34 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Role of plantation forestry
  • plantation forestry in India and abroad
  • factors determining scale and rate
  • land suitability

• Environmental Conservation

  8 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Environmental degradation
  • pollution
  • environmental conservation
  • environment impact assessment

• Statistics (Research Methodology)

  13 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Statistics
  • definition
  • object and scope
  • frequency distribution

इस विषय के 263 टॉपिक में से 56 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 263 टॉपिक देखें →

• SECTION A: FOREST GENETICS

  82 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Basic principles
  • Introduction to forest genetics
  • tree breeding and its applications
  • Inheritance of genetic information

• SECTION B: FOREST TREE BREEDING

  15 में से 4 टॉपिक

  • Techniques of tree breeding
  • Self- and cross-pollinated tree species
  • natives and exotics with their origin and distribution
  • Definition and scope of tree breeding

• SECTION C: APPLIED TREE IMPROVEMENT

  50 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Species and provenance testing
  • plus trees and their selection methods
  • progeny testing and identification of elite trees

• SECTION D: STATISTICAL METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

  20 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Frequency distribution
  • measures of central tendency
  • probability theory and its application in genetics

इस विषय के 167 टॉपिक में से 14 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 167 टॉपिक देखें →

• Introduction

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Hydrological cycle
  • components of hydrologic cycle
  • storage

• Atmospheric Water System and climate

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Characteristics of Atmosphere
  • Atmospheric circulation patterns
  • weather systems

• Precipitation

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Precipitation types
  • measurements
  • analysis

• Hydrologic Abstractions

  12 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Interception and depression storage
  • Evaporation
  • Evaporation processes

• Hydrometry

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Gauge and discharge sites
  • site suitability
  • river stage

• Runoff

  11 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Factor affecting
  • runoff characteristics of stream
  • impact of forest type and forest cover on runoff

• Frequency Analysis

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Random variables
  • Probability distribution functions
  • normal

• Groundwater

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Types of aquifers
  • ground water recharge
  • Darcy’s Law

• Soil and water conservation

  6 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Basics of soil and water conservation
  • suitability & site selection for different types of water conservation measure
  • Planning and design of Water conservation and rainwater harvesting measures

इस विषय के 65 टॉपिक में से 27 दिखाए गए हैं।सभी 65 टॉपिक देखें →

• History

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Historical perspectives of forest/plant diseases
  • Major epidemics and their social impacts
  • Key contributors

• Concept of tree disease

  9 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • What is a disease
  • Causes of diseases
  • Classification of diseases

• Pathogens

  9 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Fungi
  • oomycetes
  • bacteria

• Abiotic disorders

  0 टॉपिक

• Disease diagnoses

  3 टॉपिक

  • Symptoms and signs
  • Microscopy and micrometry
  • Molecular tools in pathogen detection including serology (ELISA) and DNA-based tools (DNA barcoding, LAMP, Next Generation Sequencing, etc)

• Disease epidemiology

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Disease cycles (monocyclic vs. polycyclic)
  • Environmental influences (including climate change leading to shifts in pathogen distribution and increased susceptibility due to stress
  • Vector (insects, human activities, etc.)

• Disease resistance and host defence mechanisms

  10 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Structural
  • biochemical and genetic resistance
  • Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR)

• Forest disease management

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Principles of disease management
  • Cultural (silvicultural practices, sanitation, etc.)
  • Chemical (fungicides, antibiotics, etc.)

• Seed diseases

  3 टॉपिक

  • Internal and external seed borne diseases
  • for eg
  • seed rot fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, etc.)

• Nursery diseases

  7 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Damping off (Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, etc.)
  • Leaf spot and blight (Alternaria, Colletotrichum spp.)
  • Powdery mildew (Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Golovinomyces, etc.)

• Foliar diseases

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Powdery and downy mildew
  • Leaf spot and blight
  • Rust

• Stem and bark diseases

  12 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Canker
  • Heart rot (Ganoderma, Fomes, etc.)
  • Stem canker (Botryosphaeria, Nectria, Cryphonectria parasitica, etc.)

• Root diseases

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Root rots- (Ganoderma., Armillaria mellea, Phytophthora, etc.)
  • Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
  • Pine wilt nematode

• Rot, decay and stain

  4 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • White root rot (Rigidoporus microporus)
  • Brown cubical rot (Laetiporus sulphureus)
  • bacterial soft rot

• Emerging diseases

  5 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Neem dieback
  • Poplar dieback
  • Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)

• Tools in forest pathology

  8 में से 3 टॉपिक

  • Bioinformatics
  • PCR
  • qRT PCR

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• Definition and concept of soil

  23 टॉपिक

  • weathering and soil formation
  • soil profile development
  • features of a typical soil profile
  • Composition of earth crust and its relationship with soils
  • Rocks
  • minerals and other soil forming materials
  • Weathering of rocks and minerals
  • Factors of soil formation
  • Pedogenic processes and their relationships with soil properties
  • Soil development
  • Pedon
  • polypedon
  • soil profile
  • horizons and their nomenclature
  • Soil Taxonomy - epipedons
  • diagnostic subsurface horizons and other diagnostic characteristics
  • soil moisture and temperature regimes
  • categories and criteria for soil classification systems
  • Forest Soils properties and their classification
  • Role of forest in soil formation
  • soil fertility and nutrient cycling
  • Impact of forest management on soil properties
  • Interaction of humans with forest ecosystems in the interest of sustainable management of forest soil

• Mineralogical properties of soil

  1 टॉपिक

  • important primary and secondary minerals and their influence on soil behavior

• Physical properties of soil

  14 टॉपिक

  • texture
  • structure
  • density
  • temperature
  • colour
  • consistency
  • air
  • Soil: water phenomenon-retention and release of moisture
  • water holding capacity
  • field capacity
  • wilting point
  • available water capacity
  • management of soil moisture for optimizing plant growth
  • methods of measurement of soil moisture

• Chemical properties of soil

  14 टॉपिक

  • formation of organic and inorganic soil colloids
  • types of clay minerals
  • clay : humus complex
  • soil pH
  • cation and anion exchange capacity
  • role of clay
  • availability of nutrient ions to plants
  • dynamic ion exchange equilibrium and sustainable nutrient uptake by plant
  • soil pH in relation to nutrient availability
  • optimum soil pH for availability of most nutrients
  • management/reclamation of acid soil
  • saline soil
  • sodic soil
  • sick soil

• Biological properties of soil

  11 टॉपिक

  • Role of macro- and micro organisms and their influence on soil conditions
  • important microflora involved in mineralization of nutrient elements
  • biological nitrogen fixation and role of associated microbes (for both symbiotic and non-symbiotic processes)
  • role of mycorhhiza in mineralization of nutrients in degraded soil
  • decomposition of organic matter
  • C:N ratio and state of decomposition
  • humus
  • terms associated with mineralization
  • immobilization
  • nitrification and nitrogen losses
  • role of organic matter in improving soil behavior especially in organic farming

• Concept of chemical analysis

  13 टॉपिक

  • Solution reactions
  • titrimetric analysis
  • concept of standard solution
  • Indicators: theory and applications
  • Methods of soil analysis - particle size distribution, bulk and Particle density, moisture constants, Modern methods of soil, plant and fertilizer analysis Flame photometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
  • Spectrophotometry - visible
  • ultra-violet and infrared
  • Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
  • Potentiometry and conductimetry
  • X-ray diffractometry
  • Mass spectrometry
  • Geiger Muller counter
  • solid and liquids scintillation counters

• Mineral nutrition

  15 टॉपिक

  • essential nutrient elements for plant growth as per Arnon's essentiality criteria, Macro- and micro-nutrients and their role in plant growth and development, deficiency symptoms, nutrient deficiency induced plant ailments such as khaira disease of rice, heart rots in fruits and vegetables, Lime induced iron chlorosis, major organic and inorganic sources of nutrients for environment friendly biomass production cultures
  • soil fertility, management of soil fertility for sustainable yields under different climatic conditions, poly houses, minimum tillage cultures
  • permaculture
  • assessment/evaluation of soil fertility for optimum/balanced use of nutrients
  • methods of soil analysis
  • soil testing
  • importance of soil health card in evolving best practices for different land uses
  • Soil erosion
  • runoff loses
  • land degradation
  • watershed management
  • Soil pollution
  • nature and extent
  • preventive measures
  • management alternatives

• Soil fertility evaluation

  17 टॉपिक

  • soil testing
  • plant and tissue tests and biological methods
  • Common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendation
  • Soil test-crop response correlations
  • Integrated nutrient management
  • Use of isotopic tracers in soil research
  • Nature
  • properties and development of acid
  • acid sulphate
  • saline and alkali and their management
  • Lime and gypsum requirements of soils
  • lime potential
  • Irrigation water quality - EC
  • SAR
  • RSC and specifications
  • Fertility status of major soil groups of India
  • Concept and application of soil health and soil quality

• Application of statistics for experimental designs

  2 टॉपिक

  • analysis of variance
  • correlations for data interpretations

• Soil survey and classification

  10 टॉपिक

  • Types of soil survey
  • basis for selection of suitable method of survey
  • soil classification
  • important soil orders
  • importance of modern nomenclature for understanding nature of soil behavior
  • Study of base maps
  • cadastral maps
  • toposheets
  • aerial photographs and satellite imageries
  • Use of geographical information system for preparing thematic maps

• Organic and inorganic fertilizers

  3 टॉपिक

  • Soil erosion
  • types and causes of erosion
  • conservation measures and watershed management

• Major constraints of Indian soils for raising biomass productivity and measures for improvement

  3 टॉपिक

  • role of soil in mitigating impact of GHGs
  • climate change leading to global warming
  • soil as a source/ sink for carbon and carbon cycle

इस विषय के सभी 126 टॉपिक दिखाए गए हैं।कम टॉपिक दिखाएँ