Forestry Research ICFRE

• Cryptogams

  5 topics

  • Algae
  • Fungi
  • Bryophytes
  • Pteridophytes - structure and reproduction from evolutonary viewpoint
  • Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential

• Phanerogams

  5 of 8 topics

  • Gymnosperms
  • Concept of Progymonosperms
  • Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms
  • Salient features of Cycadales
  • Coniferrals and Gnetales

• Angiosperm

  5 of 132 topics

  • Plants morphology, Inflorescences, Botanical Nomenclature- Salient Features of the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN), Principles, Type method, author citation, Publication of names, rejection of names
  • Basionym
  • synonym
  • tautonym etc. Principle of priority
  • limitations

• Plant Anatomy

  5 of 79 topics

  • Basic structure and function of plant cells
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
  • Tissue systems

• Microbiology and Plant Pathology

  5 of 17 topics

  • Viruses
  • bacteria
  • and plasmids-structure and reproduction
  • Phyto-immunology
  • Applications of microbiology in agriculture

• Plant Utility and Exploitation

  5 of 15 topics

  • Origin of cultivated plants
  • Vavilov's centres of origin
  • Plants as sources for timber
  • food
  • fodder

• Morphogenesis

  5 of 7 topics

  • Totipotency
  • polarity
  • symmetry and differentiation
  • Cell
  • tissue

• Cell Biology

  5 of 17 topics

  • Techniques of Cell Biology
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultrastructural details
  • Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane and vesicular transport
  • Structure and function of cell organelles
  • Nucleus

• Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution

  5 of 15 topics

  • Development of genetics
  • gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles)
  • Quantitative genetics and multiple factors
  • Linkage and crossing over
  • methods of gene mapping

• Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics

  5 of 6 topics

  • Methods of plant breeding -- introduction
  • selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method)
  • Male sterility and heterosis breeding
  • Use of apomixis in plant breeding
  • Micropropagation and genetic engineering methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops

• Physiology and Biochemistry

  5 of 21 topics

  • Water relations
  • Mineral nutrition and ion transport
  • mineral deficiencies
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiraion

• Ecology and Plant Geography

  5 of 19 topics

  • Ecological factors
  • Concepts and dynamics of community
  • Plant succession
  • Concepts of biosphere
  • Ecosystems and their conservation

Showing 60 of 341 topics in this subject.Show all 341 topics →

• Organic Chemistry

  5 of 67 topics

  • Organic Nomenclature
  • IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers
  • Stereochemistry
  • Principles, chirality of organic molecules with or without chiral centres and determination of their absolute configurations, configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds
  • stereogenicity

• Inorganic Chemistry

  5 of 69 topics

  • Chemical periodicity
  • Basic concept of periodicity
  • periodic properties of s
  • d- and f-block elements
  • spectra and magnetic properties of Lanthanides and Actinides

• Physical Chemistry

  5 of 71 topics

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Basic principles
  • operator algebra
  • exactlysolvable systems
  • particle-in-a-box

• Recent and Applied Chemistry

  5 topics

  • General concepts and applications
  • Environmental and Green chemistry
  • Nanaotechnology in chemistry
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Showing 20 of 212 topics in this subject.Show all 212 topics →

• Insect Biodiversity and Biosystematics

  5 of 22 topics

  • Evolution of insects
  • introduction to class Insecta and its position in phylum Arthropoda
  • history of insect classification
  • phylogeny
  • evolution and nomenclature

• Commercial Entomology and other beneficial insects

  5 of 11 topics

  • Apiculture
  • Lac culture
  • Sericulture
  • Pollinators
  • biocontrol agents of weeds

• Insects and climate change

  0 topics

• Ecological indicators of forest health

  0 topics

• Bioinformatics

  0 topics

• Insect Morphology

  5 of 20 topics

  • Insect body structure
  • cuticular outgrowths
  • colouration and special integumentary structures in insects
  • body tagmata
  • sclerites and segmentation

• Insect Physiology and Anatomy

  5 of 39 topics

  • Scope and importance of insect anatomy and physiology
  • anatomy and physiology of digestive
  • excretory
  • respiratory
  • circulatory

• Insect Ecology

  5 of 16 topics

  • Concept of ecology, environment and its components-biotic and abiotic factors and their effects on growth, development, population dynamics, distribution and dispersal
  • Principle of biogeography and insects biodiversity
  • Biotic potential and environmental resistance
  • Ecosystems
  • agroecosystems analysis

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

  5 of 20 topics

  • History
  • principles and concepts of IPM
  • ecological and socioeconomic aspects
  • concept of injury level
  • Sampling and measuring for economic levels of damage

• Host Plant Resistance

  5 of 14 topics

  • Chemical ecology
  • mechano and chemo receptors
  • Insect plant interactions
  • mechanism of host plant selection by insects
  • Defense mechanism of plants against phytophagus insect

• Biological Control of Insect Pests

  5 of 8 topics

  • Importance, scope, components and concepts of biological control, history of biological control: Important entomophagous insect orders and families
  • Evaluation and application of bio-control agents against insect pests for forest tree species
  • Principles and procedures of using exotic biocontrol agents
  • Mass multiplication techniques
  • important bio-control agents

• Chemical Control and Toxicology

  5 of 16 topics

  • History
  • scope and principles of chemical control
  • Classification of insecticides
  • formulations
  • metabolism and mode of action of different groups of insecticides

• Insect Pests and their Management

  5 of 27 topics

  • Classification of forest insect pests
  • type of damages and symptoms
  • Factors for outbreak of pests in plantation and natural forest
  • Distribution
  • host range

• Recent Trends in Entomology

  5 of 13 topics

  • Molecular insect systematic and taxonomy
  • genetic improvement and insect gene transformation of natural enemies
  • and Relative insect resistance in plant species
  • Genetic engineering in baculoviruses
  • Bt and entomopathogenic fungi

Showing 55 of 206 topics in this subject.Show all 206 topics →

• Fundamentals of Ecology

  5 of 44 topics

  • Introduction
  • Definition
  • evolutionary/historical background
  • principle and scope
  • aquatic and terrestrial ecology

• Ecosystem Analysis

  5 of 17 topics

  • Major ecosystems
  • Concept of Biosphere and ecosystem
  • evaluation of ecosystem
  • major biomes & biogeographic regions of India and world
  • Biodiversity

• Forest Ecology

  5 of 8 topics

  • Forest types of India
  • structure and biota
  • mycorrrhizae and forests
  • forests and forestry in India
  • sacred groves

• Conservation Ecology

  5 of 16 topics

  • Introduction
  • Definition of conservation
  • postulates of conservation biology
  • the origin and evolution of living organisms
  • ecological niches

• Restoration Ecology

  5 of 29 topics

  • Introduction
  • Definition
  • aims and objectives of restoration
  • principles
  • concepts and strategies

• Pollution and Climatic Change

  5 of 6 topics

  • Air
  • water
  • soil and noise pollution
  • bioremediation
  • Environment Impact Assessment

Showing 30 of 120 topics in this subject.Show all 120 topics →

• Basics of Forest Economics and associated quantitative methods

  5 of 35 topics

  • Micro and macroeconomics
  • Relevance of economics to forestry sector
  • Definition of Forest Industry Economics and Forest Management Economics
  • How Forest Economics is different from normal economics? Economic indicators of contribution of forestry to GDP of a country
  • The Forestry and Logging sector in Indian Economy

• Production Forestry

  5 of 13 topics

  • Concept of Production Functions (Single and Multiple Input cases)
  • their characteristics and forms
  • Production Possibility Curve
  • Production theory as applied to forestry
  • Laws of demand and supply

• Markets and firms

  5 of 43 topics

  • Definition of Market
  • Role of markets in forestry sector
  • Forms and types of markets - Perfect Competition
  • Imperfect competition - Monopoly
  • Duopoly

• Non-Timber Forest Products and Forest Valuation, Forest Resource Economics

  5 of 30 topics

  • Forest based ecosystem services
  • Direct
  • indirect
  • use and non-use values
  • determining forest ecosystem values and benefits

• Applications of Forest Economics

  5 of 42 topics

  • Sources of revenue
  • Risk and Uncertainty
  • Treatment of time horizons
  • Concept of Rotation
  • economic rotation

Showing 25 of 163 topics in this subject.Show all 163 topics →

• Silviculture

  5 of 26 topics

  • Forest ecosystem
  • classification of world’s forest vegetation
  • productivity and vegetation forms of India
  • forest composition
  • structure

• Agroforestry

  5 of 20 topics

  • History in India
  • potential and scope
  • systems of the world and India
  • National Agroforestry Policy
  • Agroforestry Classification

• Forest Biometry

  5 of 16 topics

  • Measurement of tree parameters
  • modern tools and techniques
  • estimation of volume
  • growth and yield
  • stand structure

• Forest Management

  5 of 11 topics

  • Principles
  • scope and object
  • ecosystem management
  • development of forest management in India
  • Concept of sustained yield

• Forest Products and Forest Industries

  5 of 34 topics

  • forest based industries
  • importance
  • chemistry of forest products
  • cell wall constituents
  • logging

• Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation

  5 of 17 topics

  • forest ecology
  • forest productivity
  • ecology of forest landscapes
  • spatial heterogeneity
  • Grassland type

• Forest Resource Management and Economics

  5 of 11 topics

  • economics in forest management
  • application of micro and macro-economics
  • demand and supply
  • marketing
  • forest capital theory

• Forest Protection

  5 of 11 topics

  • Important diseases and insect pests and their management
  • assessment of losses
  • vertebrate pests
  • adverse weather
  • pollutants

• Forest Policy And Laws And International Conventions

  5 of 11 topics

  • National Forest Policies
  • principles of criminal law
  • Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS)
  • Bhartiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
  • Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)

• Reproductive Biology and Tree Improvement

  5 of 27 topics

  • Reproductive Biology
  • artificial vegetative propagation
  • special modes of reproduction
  • mating system dynamics
  • environmental effects on Sex expression

• Forests And People

  5 of 24 topics

  • Forests and its importance
  • forest societies
  • interactions with people
  • social and cultural factors
  • afforestation programmes

• Plantation Forestry

  5 of 34 topics

  • Role of plantation forestry
  • plantation forestry in India and abroad
  • factors determining scale and rate
  • land suitability
  • choice of species

• Environmental Conservation

  5 of 8 topics

  • Environmental degradation
  • pollution
  • environmental conservation
  • environment impact assessment
  • India's international obligation

• Statistics (Research Methodology)

  5 of 13 topics

  • Statistics
  • definition
  • object and scope
  • frequency distribution
  • mean

Showing 70 of 263 topics in this subject.Show all 263 topics →

• SECTION A: FOREST GENETICS

  5 of 82 topics

  • Basic principles
  • Introduction to forest genetics
  • tree breeding and its applications
  • Inheritance of genetic information
  • Cell division

• SECTION B: FOREST TREE BREEDING

  5 of 15 topics

  • Techniques of tree breeding
  • Self- and cross-pollinated tree species
  • natives and exotics with their origin and distribution
  • Definition and scope of tree breeding
  • its objectives and application

• SECTION C: APPLIED TREE IMPROVEMENT

  5 of 50 topics

  • Species and provenance testing
  • plus trees and their selection methods
  • progeny testing and identification of elite trees
  • Production of quality seeds and seed certification
  • Seed orchards and seed production areas their establishment and management

• SECTION D: STATISTICAL METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

  5 of 20 topics

  • Frequency distribution
  • measures of central tendency
  • probability theory and its application in genetics
  • Tests of significance
  • Null hypothesis

Showing 20 of 167 topics in this subject.Show all 167 topics →

• Introduction

  4 topics

  • Hydrological cycle
  • components of hydrologic cycle
  • storage
  • water balance

• Atmospheric Water System and climate

  5 of 6 topics

  • Characteristics of Atmosphere
  • Atmospheric circulation patterns
  • weather systems
  • water vapour
  • precipitable water

• Precipitation

  5 topics

  • Precipitation types
  • measurements
  • analysis
  • mean precipitation
  • Intensity duration frequency (IDF) and depth- area-duration (DAD) analysis

• Hydrologic Abstractions

  5 of 12 topics

  • Interception and depression storage
  • Evaporation
  • Evaporation processes
  • Influencing factors
  • wind-temperature-humidity and solar radiation measurement and estimation

• Hydrometry

  5 of 8 topics

  • Gauge and discharge sites
  • site suitability
  • river stage
  • flow velocity measurement
  • discharge measurements

• Runoff

  5 of 11 topics

  • Factor affecting
  • runoff characteristics of stream
  • impact of forest type and forest cover on runoff
  • hydrograph-unit hydrograph
  • S-hydrograph

• Frequency Analysis

  4 of 8 topics

  • Random variables
  • Probability distribution functions
  • normal
  • log-normal

• Groundwater

  4 of 5 topics

  • Types of aquifers
  • ground water recharge
  • Darcy’s Law
  • Flow and storage parameters

• Soil and water conservation

  4 of 6 topics

  • Basics of soil and water conservation
  • suitability & site selection for different types of water conservation measure
  • Planning and design of Water conservation and rainwater harvesting measures
  • soil erosion

Showing 41 of 65 topics in this subject.Show all 65 topics →

• History

  4 of 5 topics

  • Historical perspectives of forest/plant diseases
  • Major epidemics and their social impacts
  • Key contributors
  • Importance of tree/plant diseases

• Concept of tree disease

  4 of 9 topics

  • What is a disease
  • Causes of diseases
  • Classification of diseases
  • Types of diseases

• Pathogens

  4 of 9 topics

  • Fungi
  • oomycetes
  • bacteria
  • viruses

• Abiotic disorders

  0 topics

• Disease diagnoses

  3 topics

  • Symptoms and signs
  • Microscopy and micrometry
  • Molecular tools in pathogen detection including serology (ELISA) and DNA-based tools (DNA barcoding, LAMP, Next Generation Sequencing, etc)

• Disease epidemiology

  4 of 5 topics

  • Disease cycles (monocyclic vs. polycyclic)
  • Environmental influences (including climate change leading to shifts in pathogen distribution and increased susceptibility due to stress
  • Vector (insects, human activities, etc.)
  • Disease forecasting

• Disease resistance and host defence mechanisms

  4 of 10 topics

  • Structural
  • biochemical and genetic resistance
  • Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR)
  • Hypersensitive response

• Forest disease management

  4 of 7 topics

  • Principles of disease management
  • Cultural (silvicultural practices, sanitation, etc.)
  • Chemical (fungicides, antibiotics, etc.)
  • Biological (antagonistic microbes, PGPR, Trichoderma, mycorrhizae, etc.)

• Seed diseases

  3 topics

  • Internal and external seed borne diseases
  • for eg
  • seed rot fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, etc.)

• Nursery diseases

  4 of 7 topics

  • Damping off (Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, etc.)
  • Leaf spot and blight (Alternaria, Colletotrichum spp.)
  • Powdery mildew (Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Golovinomyces, etc.)
  • Wilt Disease (Fusarium, Verticillium.)

• Foliar diseases

  4 of 5 topics

  • Powdery and downy mildew
  • Leaf spot and blight
  • Rust
  • Wilt

• Stem and bark diseases

  4 of 12 topics

  • Canker
  • Heart rot (Ganoderma, Fomes, etc.)
  • Stem canker (Botryosphaeria, Nectria, Cryphonectria parasitica, etc.)
  • Pink disease (Erythricium salmonicolor)

• Root diseases

  4 topics

  • Root rots- (Ganoderma., Armillaria mellea, Phytophthora, etc.)
  • Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
  • Pine wilt nematode
  • Shisham wilt

• Rot, decay and stain

  4 topics

  • White root rot (Rigidoporus microporus)
  • Brown cubical rot (Laetiporus sulphureus)
  • bacterial soft rot
  • sap stain (Ceratocystis)

• Emerging diseases

  4 of 5 topics

  • Neem dieback
  • Poplar dieback
  • Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)
  • Dieback (Diplodia, Botryosphaeria, etc.)

• Tools in forest pathology

  4 of 8 topics

  • Bioinformatics
  • PCR
  • qRT PCR
  • NGS

Showing 58 of 96 topics in this subject.Show all 96 topics →

• Definition and concept of soil

  4 of 23 topics

  • weathering and soil formation
  • soil profile development
  • features of a typical soil profile
  • Composition of earth crust and its relationship with soils

• Mineralogical properties of soil

  1 topics

  • important primary and secondary minerals and their influence on soil behavior

• Physical properties of soil

  4 of 14 topics

  • texture
  • structure
  • density
  • temperature

• Chemical properties of soil

  4 of 14 topics

  • formation of organic and inorganic soil colloids
  • types of clay minerals
  • clay : humus complex
  • soil pH

• Biological properties of soil

  4 of 11 topics

  • Role of macro- and micro organisms and their influence on soil conditions
  • important microflora involved in mineralization of nutrient elements
  • biological nitrogen fixation and role of associated microbes (for both symbiotic and non-symbiotic processes)
  • role of mycorhhiza in mineralization of nutrients in degraded soil

• Concept of chemical analysis

  4 of 13 topics

  • Solution reactions
  • titrimetric analysis
  • concept of standard solution
  • Indicators: theory and applications

• Mineral nutrition

  4 of 15 topics

  • essential nutrient elements for plant growth as per Arnon's essentiality criteria, Macro- and micro-nutrients and their role in plant growth and development, deficiency symptoms, nutrient deficiency induced plant ailments such as khaira disease of rice, heart rots in fruits and vegetables, Lime induced iron chlorosis, major organic and inorganic sources of nutrients for environment friendly biomass production cultures
  • soil fertility, management of soil fertility for sustainable yields under different climatic conditions, poly houses, minimum tillage cultures
  • permaculture
  • assessment/evaluation of soil fertility for optimum/balanced use of nutrients

• Soil fertility evaluation

  4 of 17 topics

  • soil testing
  • plant and tissue tests and biological methods
  • Common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendation
  • Soil test-crop response correlations

• Application of statistics for experimental designs

  2 topics

  • analysis of variance
  • correlations for data interpretations

• Soil survey and classification

  4 of 10 topics

  • Types of soil survey
  • basis for selection of suitable method of survey
  • soil classification
  • important soil orders

• Organic and inorganic fertilizers

  3 topics

  • Soil erosion
  • types and causes of erosion
  • conservation measures and watershed management

• Major constraints of Indian soils for raising biomass productivity and measures for improvement

  3 topics

  • role of soil in mitigating impact of GHGs
  • climate change leading to global warming
  • soil as a source/ sink for carbon and carbon cycle

Showing 41 of 126 topics in this subject.Show all 126 topics →